2013 Air Emissions Inventory

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1 SECTION 4 CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT This section presents the following information for the CHE source category: source description (4.1), geographical domain (4.2), data and information acquisition (4.3), operational profiles (4.4), emissions estimation methodology (4.5), and emission estimates (4.6). 4.1 Source Description The CHE category includes equipment that moves cargo such as containers, general cargo, and bulk cargo to and from marine vessels, railcars, and on-road trucks. The majority of CHE operate at marine terminals or rail yards and are generally composed of off-road equipment that are not designed to operate on public roadways. This inventory includes CHE powered by engines fueled by diesel, gasoline, propane and electricity. Emissions from the following types of CHE are evaluated in the 2013 EI: Forklift Rubber tired gantry (RTG) crane Side handler Sweeper Top handler Yard tractor Other Equipment o Bulldozer o Electric pallet jack o Crane o Excavator o Loader o Man lift o Material handler o Miscellaneous o Rail pusher o Skid steer loader o Tractor o Truck (fuel, utility, water, and vacuum trucks) Port of Long Beach 60 July 2014

2 Forklifts Forklifts are used to handle various types of cargo at both container and non-container terminals. Rubber-tired gantry cranes Also known at RTGs, these cranes move containers to and from container stacks. Side Handlers Side handlers, in general, move and stack the empty containers within a terminal. They are often also referred to as side picks or side loaders. Sweepers Sweepers are vehicles with attached brushes underneath that sweep the ground and pick up dirt and debris. Port of Long Beach 61 July 2014

3 Top handlers Top handlers move, stack and load containers using an overhead telescopic boom. They can be used in place of or in conjunction with RTGs to lift heavy containers within a terminal. Yard tractors Also known as yard hostlers or utility tractor rigs (UTRs); yard tractors are designed to move cargo containers on a terminal. Port of Long Beach 62 July 2014

4 4.2 Geographical Domain The CHE inventory consists of equipment from container, dry bulk, break bulk, liquid bulk, auto, and passenger terminals. A figure showing the terminals on which CHE operate is included in section Following is the list of the terminals, by cargo type, included in the inventory: Container Terminals: International Transportation Service, Inc. Long Beach Container Terminal Pacific Container Terminal SSA Marine Terminals Pier A SSA Marine Terminals Pier C Total Terminals International Break-Bulk Terminals: Cooper/T. Smith Stevedoring Crescent Terminals (SSA Marine) SA Recycling Weyerhaeuser Connolly-Pacific Auto Terminal: Toyota Logistics Services Dry Bulk Terminals: Koch Carbon, Inc. Georgia Pacific Gypsum Metro Ports Morton Salt Cemex USA Mitsubishi Cement National Gypsum Company Passenger Terminal: Carnival Cruise Lines Liquid Terminals: Tesoro Logistics (formerly BP Pipelines North America) Chemoil Marine Terminal Petro-Diamond Tesoro Refining and Marketing Vopak Terminal Long Beach Port of Long Beach 63 July 2014

5 4.3 Data and Information Acquisition The maintenance and/or CHE operating staff of each terminal were contacted in person or by e- mail or telephone to obtain equipment count and activity information on the CHE specific to their terminal s operation for the 2013 calendar year: Equipment type Equipment identification number Equipment make and model Engine make and model Rated horsepower (or kilowatts) Equipment and engine model year Type of fuel used (ULSD, gasoline or propane) Electric equipment Annual hours of operation (some terminals use hour meters) Installed Emissions reduction technologies On-road engine installed New equipment purchased Equipment retired or removed from service For instances when data is not available, averages are used for the specific parameter, such as engine power, activity hours, and model year, to estimate emissions, 4.4 Operational Profiles Table 4.1 summarizes the CHE data collected from the terminals for the 2013 calendar year. The average values shown in the following tables are population weighted, meaning that the values have been calculated by summing the values related to each individual piece of equipment (for which information is available) and dividing the sum by the number of pieces of equipment. For equipment without specific information available, these specific to CHE type and engine type averages have been used as defaults for equipment with missing information. Port of Long Beach 64 July 2014

6 Table 4.1: 2013 Engine Characteristics for All CHE Operating at the Port Equipment Engine Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Type Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Bulldozer Diesel , Crane Diesel Crane Electric 2 na na na Electric pallet jack Electric 3 na na na Excavator Diesel Forklift Diesel , Forklift Electric 9 na na na Forklift Gasoline 11 na na na Forklift Propane , Loader Diesel ,101 1,116 Man Lift Diesel Material handler Diesel Material handler Electric 1 na na na na na na Miscellaneous Diesel Miscellaneous Electric 5 na na na na na na Miscellaneous Propane 1 na na na Rail pusher Diesel RTG crane Diesel , ,070 2,126 Side handler Diesel ,278 1,029 Skid steer loader Diesel ,576 1,318 Sweeper Diesel Sweeper Electric 1 na na na na na na Sweeper Gasoline 1 na na na 1,994 1,994 1, Sweeper Propane Top handler Diesel ,732 1,852 Tractor Diesel Tractor Propane Truck Diesel , Truck Electric 5 na na na , Truck Gasoline 1 na na na na na na Yard tractor, offroad Diesel ,515 1,385 Yard tractor, onroad Diesel ,422 1,979 Yard tractor, gasoline Gasoline ,015 1,228 Yard tractor, propane Propane Total 1,252 Port of Long Beach 65 July 2014

7 Figure 4.1 presents the distribution of the 1,252 pieces of CHE inventoried at the Port in Figure 4.1: 2013 Distribution of Port CHE by Equipment Type RTG crane 5% Side handler Other 1.5% Sweeper 6.5% 1% Yard tractor 51% Top handler 14% Forklift 21% Figure 4.2 shows the distribution of CHE by terminal type. Figure 4.2: 2013 Distribution of Port CHE by Terminal Type, % Break Bulk 10% Cruise Dry Bulk 1% Auto 6% 2% Liquid 1% Container 80% Port of Long Beach 66 July 2014

8 Container terminals operate 80% of the CHE at the Port. Table 4.2 shows the percentage of container terminal CHE as compared to the total Port CHE. Table 4.2: 2013 Distribution of CHE at Container Terminals Container Container CHE Type Total Terminal Terminal Count Count Percent Forklift % RTG crane % Side handler % Top handler % Yard tractor % Sweeper % Other % Total 1,252 1,006 80% The characteristics of the CHE engines at the Port s container terminals are summarized in Table 4.3. Table 4.3: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at Container Terminals Container Terminals Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Forklift , Man lift Miscellaneous Rail pusher RTG crane , ,070 2,126 Side handler ,778 1,029 Sweeper Top handler ,732 1,863 Truck ,547 1,060 Yard tractor ,422 1,737 Total 1,006 Port of Long Beach 67 July 2014

9 Table 4.4 shows the characteristics of the CHE engine at the Port s break-bulk terminals. Table 4.4: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at Break-Bulk Terminals Break Bulk Terminals Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Bulldozer Crane Excavator Forklift , Loader , Man Lift Material handler Miscellaneous Rail pusher Skid steer loader Sweeper Top handler Truck Yard tractor 3 na na na Total 120 Tables 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 show the characteristics of the CHE engines at the Port s seven dry bulk, six liquid bulk and one auto terminal, respectively. In 2013, some of the dry bulk terminals continue to remain idle; CHE activity hours at the idle terminals were assumed to be zero. Table 4.5: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at Dry Bulk Terminals Dry Bulk Terminals Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Bulldozer , Crane Forklift , Loader ,101 1,310 Man lift Skid steer loader ,576 2,576 2,576 Sweeper Tractor Truck na na na Total 75 Port of Long Beach 68 July 2014

10 Table 4.6: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at Liquid Bulk Terminals Liquid Terminals Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Forklift Manlift 1 na na na na na na Truck Total 7 Table 4.7: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at Auto Terminals Auto Terminals Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Electric pallet jack 3 na na na Forklift Miscellaneous 4 na na na Sweeper 2 na na na na na na Truck, electric 5 na na na , Total 28 Table 4.8 shows the characteristics of CHE engines at the Long Beach cruise terminal. Table 4.8: 2013 Characteristics of CHE Engines at the Long Beach Cruise Terminal Passenger Terminal Count Power (hp) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Forklift Tractor Total 16 Port of Long Beach 69 July 2014

11 Table 4.9 is a summary of the CHE engines by fuel type. The table shows that in 2013, 78.8% of the CHE engines inventoried were diesel-powered, followed by 11.5% powered by propane and 7.7% by gasoline engines. Table 4.9: 2013 CHE Engines by Fuel Type Equipment Electric Propane Gasoline Diesel Total Forklift RTG crane Side handler Top handler Yard tractor Sweeper Other Total ,252 Percent of Total 2% 11.5% 7.7% 78.8% 100% Table 4.10 summarizes the distribution of diesel-powered CHE equipped with off-road and on-road diesel engines and by the off-road diesel engine standards. The on-road engines are generally lower in emissions than the off-road engines of the same model year. Table 4.10: 2013 Count of Diesel-Powered CHE by Type and Engine Standard Equipment Type Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 On-road Total Yard tractor Forklift Top handler Other RTG crane Side handler Sweeper Total Percent of Total 2% 14% 26% 9% 7% 42% 100% Port of Long Beach 70 July 2014

12 4.5 Emissions Estimation Methodology The emissions calculation methodology used to estimate CHE emissions is consistent with CARB s latest methodology for estimating emissions from CHE 33. The basic equation used to estimate CHE emissions is as follows. Equation 4.1 EE = PPPPPPPPPP AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA LLLL EEEE FFFFFF CCCC Where: E = emissions, grams/year Power = rated power of the engine, hp or kw Activity = equipment s engine activity, hr/year LF = load factor (ratio of average load used during normal operations as compared to full load at maximum rated horsepower), dimensionless EF = emission factor, grams of pollutant per unit of work, g/hp-hr or g/kw-hr FCF = fuel correction factor to reflect changes in fuel properties that have occurred over time, dimensionless CF = control factor to reflect changes in emissions due to installation of emission reduction technologies not originally reflected in the emission factors, dimensionless The emission factor is a function of the zero hour emission rate by fuel type (diesel, propane or liquefied natural gas), by CHE engine type (off-road or on-road), for the CHE engine model year (in the absence of any malfunction or tampering of engine components that can change emissions), deterioration rate, and cumulative hours. The deterioration rate reflects the fact that the engine s zero-hour emission rates change as the equipment is used, due to wear of various engine parts or reduced efficiency of emission control devices. The cumulative hours reflects the CHE engine s total operating hours. The emission factor is calculated as: Equation 4.2 EEEE = ZZZZ + (DDDD CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HHHHHHHHHH) Where: ZH = zero-hour emission rate by fuel type by CHE engine type for a given horsepower category and model year, g/hp-hr or g/kw-hr DR = deterioration rate (rate of change of emissions as a function of CHE engine age), g/hp-hr 2 or g/kw-hr 2 Cumulative hours = number of hours the CHE engine has been in use and calculated as annual operating hours times age of the CHE engine, hours 33 CARB, Appendix B: Emission Estimation Methodology for Cargo Handling Equipment Operating at Ports and Intermodal Rail Yards in California. Port of Long Beach 71 July 2014

13 4.5.1 Emission Factors Zero-hour emission rates and deterioration rates vary by engine horsepower and model year depending upon the size of the engines, engine technology. Zero-emission rates and deterioration rates by horsepower and engine year were used for diesel engines certified to off-road and on-road emission standards, as well as gasoline and propane engines certified to large spark ignited engine emission standards. The zero-hour emission and deterioration rates are consistent with those in CARB s latest emissions calculations methodology for cargo handling equipment. Please refer to Appendix D for a full list of the emissions rates used to estimate emissions from cargo handling equipment Load Factors and Fuel Correction Factors Because engines are not continually used at their maximum horsepower rating during normal operation, the engine load factor represents the average percentage of power that is applied during the engine s operation. Load factors for CHE were primarily obtained from CARB s CHE methodology; however, the load factors for RTG cranes and yard tractors were revised based on studies conducted by the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles in consultation with CARB. 34 Specifically, the yard tractor load factor of 39% or 0.39 has been used since 2006, and the load factor of 20% or 0.20 for RTG cranes has been used since Table 4.11 lists the load factors for specified CHE. Table 4.11: Cargo Handling Equipment Engine Load Factors CHE Type Load Factor RTG crane 0.20 Crane 0.43 Excavator 0.55 Forklift 0.30 Top handler, side pick, reach stacker 0.59 Truck, other with off-road engine 0.51 Truck, other with on-road engine 0.51 Sweeper 0.68 Loader, backhoe 0.55 Yard tractor with off-road engine 0.39 Yard tractor with on-road engine Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro Bay Ports Yard Tractor Load Factor Study and San Pedro Bay Ports Rubber-Tired Gantry Crane, Prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC. Port of Long Beach 72 July 2014

14 In 1993, CARB implemented the Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Rule, which ultimately limited the sulfur content of diesel fuel marketed in California to 15 parts per million (ppm); this fuel is known as ULSD fuel 35. To account for the differences in the fuel properties of CARB ULSD and previously available diesel fuel, fuel correction factors (FCF) were obtained from CARB and are shown in Table The fuel correction factor for SO x reflects the reduction in the sulfur content of diesel fuel from 140 ppm to 15 ppm ULSD. Table 4.12: Fuel Correction Factors for ULSD Equipment PM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Model Year 1995 and older to and newer Table 4.13 shows the dimensionless fuel correction factors for gasoline engines 36. LNG and propane engines have no FCF. Table 4.13: Fuel Correction Factors for Gasoline Equipment PM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Model Year 1997 and older and newer CHE Emissions Reduction Technologies and Control Factors Table 4.14 is a summary of the emission reduction technologies used on diesel-powered equipment. It should be noted that some equipment utilized more than one emission reduction technology. The majority of the emission reduction technologies were installed either voluntarily or in order to meet requirements of CARB s Mobile Cargo Handling Equipment at Ports and Intermodal Rail Yards regulation adopted in CARB, Refer to The California Diesel Fuel Regulation; Title 13, California Code of Regulation, Sections & Title 17, California Code of Regulation, Section CARB, 37 CARB, Final rule posted on October 23, Port of Long Beach 73 July 2014

15 Other emission control technologies used on CHE operated at the Port include diesel particulate filters (DPF) and Vycon s REGEN flywheel system (Vycon). In 2013, 182 out of 192 DPFs installed are verified by CARB to achieve Level 3 emissions reductions, resulting in an 85% or more reduction in DPM. There are 10 DPFs installed on RTG cranes that are verified by CARB to achieve Level 2 emissions reductions of 50% or more in DPM. Six of the propane fueled equipment are equipped with BlueCAT Technology 38. Table 4.14: 2013 CHE Emission Reduction Technologies by Equipment Type Equipment DOC On-Road ULSD DPF Vycon BlueCAT Installed Engines Fuel Installed Installed Forklift RTG crane Side handler Top handler Yard tractor Sweeper Other Total Control factors are used to reflect the changes in emissions due to the use of various technologies such as DOCs and DPFs. The emission reduction percentages associated with the various emission reduction strategies have been either verified by or developed in consultation with CARB. Table 4.15 shows the emission reduction percentages, by air pollutant for the various technologies used on CHE. Table 4.15: Emission Reductions Achieved from Control Technologies Used in CHE, % Technology PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Nett BlueCat 300 0% 0% 0% 85% na 0% 85% na 0% 0% DOC 30% 30% 30% 0% na 70% 70% na 0% 70% DPF CARB Level 3 85% 85% 85% 0% na 0% 0% na 0% 0% DPF CARB Level 2 50% 50% 50% 0% na 0% 0% na 0% 0% Vycon REGEN 25% 25% 25% 30% 15% 0% 0% 15% 30% 0% Vycon + DPF Level % 62.5% 62.5% 30% 15% 0% 0% 15% 30% 0% 38 CARB, Port of Long Beach 74 July 2014

16 As shown in Table 4.16, the control factor is determined by subtracting the emission reduction percentage associated with the control technology (converted to decimal form) from 1.0. For example, a technology that achieves an emissions reduction of 70%, or 0.70, would have a control factor of 0.3 ( = 0.3). Table 4.16: Control Factors for Control Technologies Used in CHE Technology PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Nett BlueCat for LSI na na DOC na na DPF level na na DPF level na na Vycon's REGEN Vycon + DPF level Improvements to Methodology from Previous Years The emissions calculation methodology and the emission rates are same as used to estimate CHE emissions for the Port s 2011 and 2012 EIs. 4.6 Emission Estimates A summary of the CHE emissions by terminal type is presented in Tables 4.17 and Table 4.17: 2013 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, tons per year Terminal Type PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC Auto Break-Bulk Container Cruise Dry Bulk Liquid Total Port of Long Beach 75 July 2014

17 PM 10 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2013 Air Emissions Inventory Table 4.18: 2013 CHE GHG Emissions by Terminal Type, metric tons Terminal Type CO 2 e CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Auto Break-Bulk 2,506 2, Container 99,963 99, Cruise Dry Bulk Liquid Total 103, , Figure 4.3 presents the percentage of CHE emissions by terminal type. Container terminals at the Port account for approximately 95% of the PM and NO x emissions, almost all of the SO x emissions, 94% of the CO emissions, 92% of the hydrocarbon emissions, and 97% of the greenhouse gas emissions compared to total CHE emissions. The break-bulk, cruise, liquid and auto terminals account for the remainder of the emissions. Figure 4.3: 2013 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, % CO 2 e HC CO SO x NO x DPM PM 2.5 Container Break-Bulk Dry Bulk Cruise Liquid Auto Port of Long Beach 76 July 2014

18 Tables 4.19 and 4.20 present the CHE emissions by equipment and engine type. Emissions from boom lifts are included in the miscellaneous propane category. Emissions from rail car movers are included under the miscellaneous diesel category. Due to rounding totals in the table 4.19 and 4.20 may not exactly match the totals in tables 4.17 and Table 4.19: 2013 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, tons Port Equipment Engine PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC Type Bulldozer Diesel Crane Diesel Excavator Diesel Forklift Diesel Forklift Gasoline Forklift Propane Loader Diesel Man lift Diesel Material handler Diesel Miscellaneous Diesel Miscellaneous Propane Rail pusher Diesel RTG crane Diesel Side handler Diesel Skid steer loader Diesel Sweeper Diesel Sweeper Propane Top handler Diesel Tractor Diesel Tractor Propane Truck Diesel Truck Gasoline Yard tractor Diesel Yard tractor Gasoline Yard tractor Propane Total Port of Long Beach 77 July 2014

19 Table 4.20: 2013 CHE GHG Emissions by Equipment Type, metric tons Port Equipment Engine CO 2 e CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Type Bulldozer Diesel Crane Diesel Excavator Diesel Forklift Diesel 1,325 1, Forklift Gasoline Forklift Propane Loader Diesel 1,318 1, Man lift Diesel Material handler Diesel Miscellaneous Diesel Miscellaneous Propane Rail pusher Diesel RTG crane Diesel 10,648 10, Side handler Diesel 1,425 1, Skid steer loader Diesel Sweeper Diesel Sweeper Propane Top handler Diesel 32,112 31, Tractor Diesel Tractor Propane Truck Diesel Truck Gasoline Yard tractor Diesel 44,458 44, Yard tractor Gasoline 9,864 9, Yard tractor Propane Total 103, , Port of Long Beach 78 July 2014

20 Figure 4.4 presents the percentage of CHE emissions by equipment type. Approximately 31% to 78%, depending on the pollutant, of the Port s CHE emissions are attributed to yard tractors. Yard tractors contribute 78% of total CHE CO emissions because recently terminal operators have started purchasing gasoline yard tractors which emit significantly higher CO emissions compared to similar diesel yard tractors engines. However, there is no DPM and NO x emissions are low for gasoline yard tractors compared to similar diesel yard tractors. Top handlers, RTG cranes, side picks and forklifts account for most of the remainder of the emissions. Figure 4.4: 2013 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, % CO 2 e HC CO SO x NO x DPM PM 2.5 PM 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yard tractor RTG crane Top handler Forklift Side handler Loader Other Port of Long Beach 79 July 2014

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