Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects
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1 Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects Michael Ege, Emissions Inventory Specialist Air Quality Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/States Oil and Gas Emissions Summit November 4, 2014
2 Overview Development of the TCEQ area source oil and gas calculator TCEQ oil and gas emissions inventory (EI) improvement projects: Barnett Shale Special Inventory Updated compressor engine profiles Review of other groups oil and gas EI s EPA Oil and Gas Emissions Estimation Tool Alamo Area Council of Governments (AACOG) Eagle Ford Shale EI Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 2
3 Overview (Cont.) TCEQ-contracted oil and gas EI improvement projects: Condensate storage tanks Upstream oil and gas heaters and boilers Specified oil and gas well activities emissions inventory update Upcoming projects: Drilling rigs Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) controls Electric compressor motors Project reports posted on the TCEQ website Contact information Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 3
4 Development of the TCEQ Area Source Oil and Gas Calculator Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG) developed a set of two Excel spreadsheet calculators in a 2010 project. First used to develop Texas 2008 area source oil and gas EI. The TCEQ updates oil and gas activity data to develop EIs for other years as needed. Oil, natural gas, and condensate production Number of oil and gas wells Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 4
5 Development of the TCEQ Area Source Oil and Gas Calculator (Cont.) Equipment profiles and emission factors are from a variety of sources, including: ERG survey data; Central Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP) 2008 study; Texas Environmental Research Consortium 2009 study on oil and condensate storage tanks; and The EPA s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42). Many of the original equipment profiles and emission factors were applied statewide. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 5
6 TCEQ Oil and Gas EI Improvement Projects TCEQ continues to improve/update oil and gas emissions estimates by: Refining equipment profiles and emission factors to be basin and/or shale specific; Prioritizing research based on potential emissions; Researching sources that have limited published information; and Accounting for technological advances and new regulatory requirements. Between Fiscal Years 2010 and 2014, the Air Quality Division has funded $1.5 Million of oil and gas research projects. $850,000 spent specifically on emissions inventory improvement projects Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 6
7 Texas Oil and Gas Basins and Shale Plays Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 7
8 Barnett Shale Special Inventory The Barnett Shale is located in and around the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area. The area experienced a significant increase in drilling activity starting around Between 2002 and 2008, the number of producing wells and natural gas production both increased by a factor of six. Drilling activity occurred near populated urban areas. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 8
9 Barnett Shale Special Inventory (Cont.) Dallas Fort Worth Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 9
10 Barnett Shale Special Inventory (Cont.) Phase I conducted in 2010 to collect sitelevel equipment summary data 9,100 upstream leases/facilities 500 midstream sites/facilities Phase II conducted in 2011 to collect source specific emissions data Focused on sources that had over one ton per year (tpy) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) or VOC emissions or over 0.1 tpy of Hazardous Air Pollutant emissions in 2009 Information provided for 8,600 sites and 20,700 individual sources 1,900 compressor engines 2,800 condensate storage tanks 4,300 piping component fugitive areas Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 10
11 Barnett Shale Special Inventory (Cont.) Barnett Shale special inventory data has been used to improve emissions estimates for several source types. Updates made to the TCEQ Oil and Gas calculator include: Compressor engines; Updated the DFW nonattainment area profile Developed a Barnett Shale profile Developed an East Texas profile that includes the effects of TCEQ Chapter 117 NOx emission limits Condensate storage tanks; and Piping component fugitives. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 11
12 Barnett Shale Special Inventory (Cont.) Information about the Barnett Shale Special Inventory can be found at: ntation/air/ie/pseiforms/barnett%20shale%20area %20Special%20Inventory.pdf An Excel spreadsheet containing countylevel emissions data can be found at: ntation/air/ie/pseiforms/cnty-level-summary.xlsx Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 12
13 Updated Compressor Engine Profiles An updated Barnett Shale compressor engine profile was developed using the Barnett Shale Phase II Special Inventory data. Data included 930 compressor engines in 15 Barnett Shale attainment counties. Data included 2009 NO X emissions, type of compressor engine (2 or 4 cycle, rich or lean burn), horsepower (hp) rating, hours of operation. An updated engine distribution was developed based on the engine workload (hp-hours) for each class of engine. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 13
14 Updated Compressor Engine Profiles (Cont.) The DFW compressor engine profile was refined using the Barnett Shale Phase II Special Inventory data and taking into account the TCEQ Chapter 117 NO X emission limits. Data included 920 compressor engines in 9 DFW nonattainment counties. An updated engine distribution was developed based on the engine workload for each class of engine. For compressor engines with 50 hp, used a maximum NO X emission factor of 0.5 g/hp-hr Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 14
15 Updated Compressor Engine Profiles (Cont.) An updated East Texas compressor engine profile was developed to take into account the TCEQ Chapter 117 NO X emission limits. Data included 930 compressor engines from the 15 attainment counties in the Barnett Shale Phase II Special Inventory. For rich-burn compressor engines 240 hp and < 500 hp, used a maximum NO X emission factor of 1.0 g/hp-hr For rich-burn compressor engines 500 hp, used a maximum NO X emission factor of 0.5 g/hp-hr Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 15
16 Review of Other Groups Oil and Gas EI s EPA Oil and Gas Emissions Estimation Tool Added sources to the TCEQ calculator using default data taken from the EPA tool Drilling mud degassing Pneumatic pumps Hydraulic pump engines Updated factors in the TCEQ calculator using newer factors from the EPA tool Artificial lift pumps Well completions Identified sources that require additional study Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 16
17 Review of Other Groups Oil and Gas EI s (Cont.) AACOG Eagle Ford Shale EI Adjusted the number of active wells in the TCEQ calculator with the assumption that new wells completed in the current year are active on average for half the year Identified hydraulic pump engines as a source that needed additional study AACOG s hydraulic pump engine emissions estimates were higher than the EPA Oil and Gas Tool. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 17
18 Condensate Storage Tank Project Condensate storage tanks were the largest source of oil and gas VOC emissions in Texas 2008 area source EI. Factors used for 2008 area source inventory 33.3 pounds VOC/barrel condensate, from 2006 Houston Advanced Research Center (HARC) H051C study 25% control factor state wide Factor based on measured test data 13 gas sites in Fort Worth basin 9 gas sites in Western Gulf basin Factor accounts for breathing, working, and flash loss emissions. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 18
19 Condensate Storage Tank Project (Cont.) ERG contracted to develop updated factors for eight geographic areas of Texas. Data were obtained through: A literature review; HARC H051C study Upstream Oil and Gas Storage Tank Project Flash Emissions Models Evaluation (TCEQ, 2009) Upstream Oil and Gas Tank Emission Measurements (TCEQ, 2010) An evaluation of data collected in the Barnett Shale Phase II Special Inventory; and A phone survey of Texas condensate producers during the summer of Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 19
20 Condensate Storage Tank Project (Cont.) Updated factors were determined using a production-weighted average Used only data from a TCEQ-approved method to determine flash emissions Data was weighted based on the flash emissions determination method: Emissions Estimation Method Weight Testing (Direct Measurement) 4 Process Simulator (HYSIM, HYSIS, VMG, PROMAX) 2 E&P TANK 1.5 Gas-Oil-Ratio 1 Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 20
21 Region Updated Condensate Tank VOC Emission Factors Data Points Anadarko 26 Previous Factor Updated Factor Reduction % Eagle Ford Shale % East Texas / % Haynesville Shale 33.3 lb/barrel Fort Worth / (average 1,604 uncontrolled % Barnett Shale factor applied Permian 21 to entire % Western Gulf 37 state) % Palo Duro a 77% Marathon Thrust Belt a Statewide average a 77% Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 21
22 Condensate Storage Tank Project (Cont.) Reasons why the factor changed: Previous factor developed in 2006 using a limited data set (22 data points) 2012 ERG report based on more current data and a larger data set (1833 data points) Effects of new rules and permitting requirements Industry outreach Improved guidance for determining condensate storage tank emissions Production weighting of data to develop emissions factors Basin specific data and factors Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 22
23 Upstream Oil and Gas Heaters and Boilers ERG contracted to develop updated equipment profiles for upstream oil and gas heaters and boilers for eight geographic regions in Texas. ERG researched NO X emission factors for these types of sources. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 23
24 Upstream Oil and Gas Heaters and Boilers (Cont.) The TCEQ Oil and Gas calculator used an equipment profile developed from 2008 CENRAP data: Average # of Heaters Per Well Average Heater Size (MMBtu/hr) Average Hours of Operation (hrs/yr) ,076 1,209 Average Fuel Heat Content (Btu/scf) The TCEQ Oil and Gas calculator also used AP-42, Section 1.4 natural gas combustion emission factors for the 2011 EI. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 24
25 Upstream Oil and Gas Heaters and Boilers (Cont.) Revised heater profiles were developed from survey data for six regions of Texas, and a statewide average was used for the rest of the state. Average # of Heaters Per Well Average Heater Size (MMBtu/hr) Average Hours of Operation (hrs/yr) Average Fuel Heat Content (Btu/scf) Basin Anadarko ,483 1,116 Eagle Ford Shale ,574 1,289 East Texas ,400 1,015 Arch Bend - Fort Worth ,414 1,040 Permian ,477 1,359 Western Gulf ,935 1,102 Marathon Thrust Belt a ,547 1,154 Palo Duro a ,547 1,154 a Statewide average Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 25
26 Upstream Oil and Gas Heaters and Boilers (Cont.) Updated the NO X emission factor from the AP-42 factor of 100 lb NO X /MMscf natural gas burned to a factor of 58.2 lb NO X /MMscf. The recommended emission factor for NO X combustion is from the California Air Resources Board 1983 study Emission Characteristics of Crude Oil Production Operations in California. Statewide area source oil and gas NO X emissions estimates decreased by 7.6%. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 26
27 Specified Oil and Gas Well Activities Emissions Inventory Update ERG contracted to: Develop updated emission factors and equipment profiles for hydraulic pump engines. Estimate the impact of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) OOOO control requirements on oil and gas area source emissions estimates. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 27
28 Hydraulic Pump Engines Area TCEQ compared available hydraulic pump engine equipment profiles and emissions estimates and determined this source needed additional research. # Engines per event Engine hp Engine Load Factor # Stages per event Hours per stage Total workload, hp-hr Anadarko Basin , CenSARA study average a ,900 AACOG Eagle Ford Shale EI ,400 a Used for all of Texas except for the Anadarko Basin Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 28
29 Hydraulic Pump Engines (Cont.) Revised equipment profiles were developed from survey data for four regions of Texas, and a statewide average was used for the rest of the state. Area # Engines per event Engine hp Engine Load Factor # Stages per event Hours per stage Total workload, hp-hr Anadarko Basin ,563 Eagle Ford Shale ,223,667 East Texas Basin/Hayne sville Shale ,271 Permian Basin ,639 Statewide Average ,035 Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 29
30 Hydraulic Pump Engines (Cont.) Using the updated equipment profiles, hydraulic pump engine NO X emissions estimates increased by 27,275 tpy. Statewide area source oil and gas NO X emissions estimates increased by 15.7%. NO X emissions increased from 173,992 tpy to 201,267 tpy. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 30
31 NSPS OOOO Controls ERG evaluated the effect that NSPS OOOO controls would have on the TCEQ Oil and Gas calculator. Using 2013 lease-level production data from the Railroad Commission of Texas, updated emissions estimates were developed for: Gas well completions; Pneumatic devices; Oil storage tanks; and Condensate storage tanks. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 31
32 NSPS OOOO Controls (Cont.) TCEQ is currently evaluating the NSPS OOOO updates developed by ERG. The project developed control estimates for 2013; new estimates may need to be developed for 2014 and future years to account for additional new sites subject to NSPS OOOO. Preliminary look at how NSPS OOOO controls will affect 2013 VOC emissions estimates: Source Type % VOC reductions Crude Oil Storage Tanks 11% Condensate Storage Tanks 7% Gas Well Completions 65% Gas Well Pneumatic Devices 19% Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 32
33 Upcoming Projects Drilling rigs Drilling rig engine profiles and emission factors were developed in a previous 2009 ERG project. Horizontal wells Vertical wells 7,000 feet Vertical wells > 7,000 feet Upcoming project will update the engine profiles to account for a changing drill rig population: Newer rigs will have engines that meet Tier 3 and Tier 4 emission standards. Shift from diesel rigs to diesel-electric rigs Project will also estimate annual drilling activity and drilling rig engine emissions through Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 33
34 Upcoming Projects (Cont.) VOC controls Refine estimates for the amount of VOC controls on various oil and gas sources, including: Crude oil storage tanks; Condensate storage tanks; and Loading losses. Determine the amount of combustion controls versus VOC capture Electric compressor motors Research the extent that electric compressor motors are being used in populated urban areas instead of natural gas fired compressor engines. Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 34
35 Project Reports posted on the TCEQ website Air Quality Research and Contract Reports can be found at: /pj_report_ei.html Reports include: Specified Oil and Gas Well Activities Emissions Inventory Update Upstream Oil and Gas Heaters and Boilers Condensate Tank Oil and Gas Activities Forecasting Oil and Gas Activities Development of Texas Statewide Drilling Rigs Emission Inventories for the years 1990, 1993, 1996, and 1999 through 2040 Emission Factor Determination for Produced Water Storage Tanks Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 35
36 Contact Information Michael Ege (512) TCEQ area source Web page Air Quality Division Texas Oil and Gas Emissions Inventory Improvement Projects MEE November 4, 2014 Page 36
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