Update on EPA s use of PEMS data for emissions modeling and inventory development
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1 Update on EPA s use of PEMS data for emissions modeling and inventory development John Koupal, Carl Fulper U.S. EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality UCR CE-CERT PEMS Conference March 29, 2012
2 EPA PEMS Emission Factor Programs MOVES Shootout (2001) Kansas City LD PM program (2005) Diesel Construction Pilot program (2008) Evaporative Field Leak program ( ) Houston HD Drayage program (2010) Tier 2 LD program (2012) 2
3 Houston Port Dray Truck Study Collected emissions and activity data on HD drayage trucks using PEMS and PAMS in Trucks selected for PEMS testing based on RSD scores Generally higher mileage (> useful life) Model Year Number of Trucks w/ PEMS 1989 and prior
4 Prelim Houston Drayage PM Results Individual Trucks by Model Year 4
5 In-use compliance data & MOVES Heavy-duty in-use compliance data collected by manufacturers is also being analyzed to help update MOVES heavy-duty emission estimates Number of Trucks Analyzed MY HHD MHD LHD excludes vehicles using AB & T for HHD 5
6 NOx (g/hr) NOx Results for Common Engine Family 1-25 mph mph 50+ mph 3000 HDIUD Drayage MOVES HHD opmodeid 6
7 NOx Maps for Common Engine Family Houston Drayage 5 yrs old, 750K miles Compliance Program 2 yrs old, 350K miles 7
8 Tier 2 Light Duty Program Objective: emission factors for Tier 2 vehicles Long term goal is longitudinal study, multiple cities Screening component (RSD) Facilitating representative recruitment Capturing dirty vehicles Serves as independent measure Measurement component Portable emissions measurement systems Pilot Study RSD conducted in 2010; PEMS component 2012 Detroit metro statistical area Develop, test and refine screening indices Develop and field-test methods 8
9 In-Use Deterioration over Ten Year Period LDV Data Source from AZ I/M & Aggregate IM147 9 Need to characterize for newer vehicles
10 Why Screen? Attempting to capture the entire distribution
11 Pilot: Research Questions Can we use Remote Sensing to screen emissions level for vehicles Ranging from clean to dirty With some degree of reliability? How can we measure starts using PEMS? How can we recruit/retain participants? Short term? Long term? Can we compensate for non-response bias? Using the screening measurements? 11
12 Study Population/Area Privately-owned lightduty vehicles Tier 2-Bin5 / LEV-II Primary + Secondary = Consolidated MSA Study Area Detroit Metropolitan Statistical Area Primary» Lapeer» Macomb» Monroe» Oakland» St. Clair Secondary» Lenawee» Livingston» Washtenaw Secondary MSA Primary MSA 12
13 What to Measure? Emissions: The usual suspects Constituent Basis Technique CO 2 continuous EcoStar HC/CO/NOx continuous EcoStar PM aggregate 47 mm filters PM continuous? Pressure Transducer? May correlate to AVL Microsoot Sensor? 13
14 Activity Measurements Parameter Basis Technique Basic Diagnostic trouble codes Fuel control status (closed, open loop) Engine-coolant temperature Intake air temperature Manifold air temperature Air flow rate Engine speed Calculated load Vehicle speed Other parameters (to be determined) Enhanced Air-conditioning code O2 sensor(s) Air/fuel ratio Ambient temperature GPS Instruments: HEM Data: OBD MiniLogger w/ GPS Measurement Period: ~ two weeks 14
15 PAMS Devices OBD Logger Current HEM Data Devices GPS Unit New HEM Data Devices w/ integrated GPS
16 What kind of Operation? put the vehicle thru its paces On pre-arranged drive route Start (cold and warm) parking lot, residential, arterial, on-ramp, freeway, off-ramp, Idle, Grade (hills) load Get starts (with PEMS) Run, soak, repeat In-use version of FTP Bag1, Bag3, etc. 16
17 Driving Routes Cold & Hot Start Filter #1 Driving Filter #2 includes hills load Idle Filter #3
18 Logistics: Emissions ( Quick vehicle turn around ) DAY 1 URS EPA URS URS RECRUITMENT owner drop off install PEMS Conditioning? Drive Route interview calibration "blow out system" repl 1: HOT-start warmup repl 2: repl 3:? SOAK OVERNIGHT (at ambient T) DAY 2 URS EPA EPA URS Drive Route Remove PEMS Install PAMS Release to Owner repl 1: cold-start repl 2: repl 3:? REAL-WORLD ACTIVITY 18
19 Sensor s EcoStar unit 3 PM filters Proportional Sampling 2 Marine Deep Cell Batteries GPS Ambient Air Sensor Flow Meter Vehicle Interface Laptop Computer Vehicle Setup Equipment Weight: 150 lbs
20 Change in HC can be seen at medium to high Accels < 25 mph mph > 50 mph
21 Summary EPA is actively using PEMS to conduct emission factor testing Data will inform EPA models and inventories Have conducted program for LD, HD and Nonroad sectors Have begun using RSD as selection device for PEMS testing Piloting LD recruitment / testing methodology in Detroit area this year Using prescribed drive route approach for PEMS 21
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