Introduction of measurement technics regarding mass emissions and real time fuel consumption using direct exhaust gas flow meter

Transcription

1 THAI Automotive Summit 2015 Introduction of measurement technics regarding mass emissions and real time fuel consumption using direct exhaust gas flow meter Masanobu Akita HORIBA, Ltd HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1

2 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

3 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

4 World Fuel Economy Targets Light-Medium Duty Vehicle; CO 2 emission criteria (1/28) CO2 weighted average (g/km) 200 Current (2015) (201g/km) (140g/km) 2010 (169.9g/km) (130g/km) (145 g/km) (137.5g/km) (95g/km) 2020 (115.5g/km) (89 g/km) Current EU CO 2 emissions based on NEDC and EURO5/6 procedures EU is more aggressive than USA/JAPAN EU requests 68-78g/km by

5 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

6 Conventional Fuel economy measurement method for light duty vehicle CVS method Combination of Dilute sampling using CVS and Gas concentration measurement using Gas analyzer CVS Measurement System Driver s aid (2/28) Chassis Dynometer Constant Volume Sampler(CVS) Diluted Gas Analyzer Test Automation system

7 Conventional Fuel economy measurement method for light duty vehicle CVS method (2/28) Combination of Dilute sampling using CVS and Gas concentration measurement using Gas analyzer CVS Measurement System Driver s aid Test vehicle is driven on a chassis dyno using driver s aid or auto driving system Diluted exhaust gas is stored in a sample bag which has constant volume Mass emissions are calculated from the concentration of the exhaust gas Fuel economy is calculated by the mass emissions and the driving distance

8 Fuel consumption calculation from mass emissions (3/28) Carbon Balance Method for fuel consumption 1 M M M FCB THC CO RCWF αexh M H + M C MCO M CO 2 Fuel THC CO CO 2 ( ) C C C t = Mass ( t) + Mass ( t) + Mass ( t) Mass Measurement of each emissions by CVS CO2 Mass = x Mass Emission = ρ C x ρx C x_ex V x_sam ex C 10 6 x_amb Gas Density Gas Concentration 1 1 DF V mix 10 6 Diluted Gas Volume Fuel economy is calculated by gas emissions and it is important to optimize not only fuel economy but also totally mass emissions

9 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

10 Development challenges of the automobile (4/28) Increasing of test patterns Test cycles of each countries JC08, FTP-75, NEDC, WLTC,,,, Demands from Each county Various Fuel, Low cost vehicle Increasing of measured gas compositions Regulation of gas emissions CO, NO x, THC, PM, PN Environmental law CO 2, GHG NH 3, Sulfur Compounds Efficient emission test is required on R&D of vehicles Optimization in engine test cell Instantaneous emission measurement linked with engine speed/torque

11 Importance of transient mass measurement Exhaust Flowrate[m 3 /min] CO 2 [%] THC[vol%C] NOx[%] Time[sec] CO 2 CO2 Conc. Wet Time[sec] THC THC Conc Time[sec] Exh. Flow NOx Conc Time[sec] Example:FTP-75 CT Phase Most of regulated emissions are emitted in early stage of a test cycle CVS method basically measures average mass through the test cycle It is more effective to measure transient mass variation for optimizing fuel economy and emissions (5/28)

12 Proposal of Direct mass emission measurement Direct Mass Emission Measurement Transient variation is measured by combination Direct gas flow meter and analyzer (6/28) Change parameters, Improve parts Improve using Direct Mass Emission Efficiency optimize in engine bench After Treatment Engine Dyno Direct Exhaust Gas Flow Meter Direct Gas Analyzer Final regulation test is executed by CVS method

13 Direct mass emission measurement [1/2] Basic equation (7/28) m (t) =ρ C (t) x x x Mass Emission Gas Density Gas Conc. Q exh (t) Exhaust Flowrate CO2 conc.[ppm] 160, ,000 Exh. flow rate[l/min] CO2 mass[mg/s] 80,000 40, ,500 1, ,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Gas conc Time[sec] Exh. Flowrate Time[sec] CO 2 Mass Emission Time[sec] Example of CO 2 Mass emission Gasoline E/G FTP75 CT ~160sec

14 Direct mass emission measurement [2/2] Actual equation (8/28) m x (t) = Mx Cx(t+ DTx) ( 1 CH 2O(t)) Qexh(t) Molecular Delay Time Water Correction Mass Response Time Correction CO conc.[ppm] 1,500 1,200 Exh. flow rate[l/min] CO mass[mg/s] Gas conc Time[sec] Exh. Flowrate Time[sec] CO Mass emission Time[sec] Example of CO Mass emission Gasoline E/G FTP75 CT ~20sec

15 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

16 Test Equipment [1/2] Exhaust Volume Flow Meter (9/28) Ultrasonic Raw Exhaust Gas Flow Meter Principle Ultrasonic transit time method Advantages for the method No pressure loss No influence of compositions Wide measurement range Non Sampling 690mm HORIBA EXFM-ONE Exhaust gas flow Ultrasonic wave Measure the difference of the transit time

17 Test Equipment [2/2] Exhaust Volume Flow Meter Direct Exhaust Gas Analyzer (10/28) Compositions CO 2 CO THC NOx PN Principle Non Dispersive Infrared Detector(NDIR) Flame Ionization Detector (FID) Chemiluminescence Detector (CLD) Condensati on Particle Counter (CPC) Gas Flow Filter Analyzer F Cooler P HORIBA MEXA-ONE Exhaust pipe Exhaust gas (drain) Pump [Gas Concentration] PC

18 Evaluation Test System (13/28) Sync. / Control signal Test Automation System or After Treatment Exh. Flow Exh. Flow meter CVS Gas Analyzer (Dilute) Gas sample line Gas Analyzer (Direct) Direct Mass Measurement CVS Method Compare these 2 methods

19 Integrated operation system HORIBA ONE Platform[1/2] (11/28) MEXA-ONE CVS-ONE EXFM-ONE Existing Products 3 rd Party Products

20 Integrated operation system HORIBA ONE Platform[2/2] (12/28) Operation screen

21 Evaluated Engine/Vehicles (14/28) Items Specifications Engine A Vehicle A Vehicle B Engine DI Diesel DI Diesel Gasoline Engine displacement 1.6 L 1.4 L 1.5 L Injection system Common Common Port Rail Rail Injection Intake system TC IC TC IC N/A

22 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

23 Example of Real time Mass Emission[1/2] (15/28) THC [mg/s] CO [mg/s] CO 2 [mg/s] Speed [km/h] THC mass[mg/s] ECE EUDC THC mass Time[sec] Vehicle A(DI Diesel) [NEDC Test cycle] CO 2 Mass emission is related with acceleration CO Emission is remarkable at High speed phase(eudc) THC Almost all THC is emitted at the beginning of the cycle

24 Example of Real time Mass Emission[2/2] (16/28) Speed [km/h] ECE EUDC Vehicle A(DI Diesel) [NEDC Test cycle] NOx ]mg/s] NO x Mass emission is increased stabilized phase after deceleration PN [#/s] PN Particle Number (#/s) contrastive with NOx is observed

25 Difference from CVS [1/2] (Integrated mass emissions) (17/28) CO2 2 [g/km] CVS Direct Mass Difference ±2% CO 2 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Test conditions Test1:Engine A(CI) ECE Test2:Engine A(CI) EUDC Test3:Vehicle A(CI) NEDC Test4:Vehicle B(SI) FTP75 HT 30-15% 0 Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4-20% CO [g/km] CO [g/km] CO CVS Direct Mass Difference ±5% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% CO 2, CO CO 2 ±2% difference CO±5% difference in this tests % % 0 Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4-20%

26 THC [g/km] THC [g/km] Difference from CVS [2/2] (Integrated mass emissions) THC CVS Direct Mass Difference ±5% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% (18/28) Test conditions Test1:Engine A(CI) ECE Test2:Engine A(CI) EUDC Test3:Vehicle A(CI) NEDC Test4:Vehicle B(SI) FTP75 HT 0.00 Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4-20% NO X [g/km] NOx [g/km] NO x CVS Direct Mass Difference ±5% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% THC, NO x THC±5% difference NO x ±5% difference in this tests Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4-15% -20%

27 Correlation with CVS[CO 2 mass] (19/28) y=1.028x R 2 = y = 1.018x R² = Test4 Direct mass[g/km] Test1 Test2 Test3 Test conditions Test1:Engine A(CI) ECE Test2:Engine A(CI) EUDC Test3:Vehicle A(CI) NEDC Test4:Vehicle B(SI) FTP75 HT CVS Bag[g/km] R 2 indicates a strong correlation between direct mass and CVS

28 Repeatability [CO 2 mass] (20/28) Vehicle B Repeat test FTP-75 HT505sec Standard deviations CVS Bag 2.67 Direct mass 2.37 CoV within 2%! CO 2 [g/km] CO 2 [g/km] CVS Bag Direct Mass 0 n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 Average

29 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

30 Other Application ~PEMS alternative in a cell~ (22/28) RDE(Real Driving Emissions) regulation requires to measure emissions(nox, PN(2017~)) using PEMS PEMS: Portable Emission Measurement System) HORIBA On Board System (PEMS) OBS-ONE However,,, Vehicles under development can not be driven on a normal road!

31 Other Application ~PEMS alternative in a cell~ Real World Regulation test for commercial cars Real Drive using PEMS (23/28) Chassis Cell R&D evaluation for development cars Simulation drive using direct emission measurement Vehicle for R&D Direct Exhaust Gas Flow Meter (Existing) Gas Analyzer

32 Challenge to easy measurement of fuel consumption (24/28) Fuel Flow Meter Need to modify a test vehicle Non real-time CVS Bag measurement with Carbon balance method Chassis Test Cell In-situ measurement Delay by dead time Dilute stream Challenge: Real-time, No modify, High response method

33 Principle of Proposed Method (25/28) Measure Real-time Fuel Consumption from Exhaust Flow rate and Air-to-Fuel Ratio(AFR) Air Exhaust Fuel AFR 1Exhaust = Air + Fuel From these 2AFR = Air / Fuel Fuel = 2 relations,,, Exhaust 1+AFR

34 EXFM-ONE integrates AFR Sensor inside Device Management Controller (DMC) (26/28) Ultrasonic Flow Controller Rear Front Easy replacement Ultrasonic transducer AFR Sensor Exhaust Flow

35 Fuel consumption(g) Measured by Exh. flow and AFR Correlation of Integrated fuel consumption y = x R² = Vehicle A Idling Vehicle A Approx. 40km/h Vehicle A Approx. 60km/h Vehicle A Approx. 80km/h Fuel consumption(g) Measured by Fuel flow meter Correlation with Fuel Flow Meter Fuel consumption(g) Measured by Exh. flow and AFR y = 1.031x R² = Correlation with CVS bag method Good correlation is observed for both conventional method Idle Vehicle A Approx. 40km/h Vehicle A Approx. 60km/h Vehicle A Approx. 80km/h Vehicle B Approx. 15km/h Vehicle B Approx. 25km/h Vehicle B Approx. 50km/h Fuel consumption(g) Measured by CVS-Bag Possibility to measure reliable fuel consumption (27/28)

36 INDEX 1. Background 2. Conventional measurement method 3. Direct mass emission measurement 4. Test equipment and test system 5. Test results 6. Other applications 7. Summary

37 Summary (28/28) Direct mass emission measurement technique is effective method for R&D of vehicles The usability of this measurement method was verified by comparing CVS method, and some good correlations and equivalencies suggested the potential of the method Direct mass emission is based on a raw exhaust gas measurement, and easy and in-situ real-time fuel consumption measurement is achieved by combination of exhaust flow meter and AFR sensor

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