Gasoline LDV. Toyota Corolla 1.8 (Euro III) Peugeot 106 (Euro I) Golf TDI 1.9 w/ cat (Euro II) With adapted test protocol for traps
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1 LAT Activities
2 Gasoline LDV Toyota Corolla 1.8 (Euro III) Peugeot 106 (Euro I) Fuels G1, G3 G1, G3 Diesel LDV Cars under measurement at LAT Golf TDI 1.9 w/o cat (Euro I) Golf TDI 1.9 w/ cat (Euro II) Laguna 1.9 dci 1.9 (Euro III) Laguna 1.9 dci 1.9 w/ Trap 2 (Euro IV for PM) With adapted test protocol for traps Laguna 1.9 dci 1.9 w/ Trap 1 (Euro IV for PM) Laguna 1.9 dci 1.9 w/ Trap 2 (Euro IV for PM) * In red: tests already done D2 D2, D3, D4 D2, D3, D4, D5 D3, D4 D4 D4
3 LAT has extensively used the Particulates Protocol for a large number of measurements underpinning the applicability of the protocol and expanding its usage NEDENEF Traps 2 wheelers Additive effects
4 DR 120 : 1 T 40 C RT 3.5 s ELPI DR 12 : 1 T C RT 1 ms Ejector Dilutor Heater Denuder Grav. Impactor Throttle Valve Pump Fdddg kjlk TEOM Generic Sampling Configuration Mass Flow Controller Ageing Chamber 2-stage ejector Dilutor SMPS Diffusion Charger Filter Charcoal Silica Gel DR 120 : 1 T amb RT 2.5 s DR 1200 : 1 T amb RT 2.8 s Dilution Air Line Sample Line Cooling Agent Line
5 Conditioning with UDC NEDC (1180 s) UDC (780 s) Test Sequence Conditioning with EUDCs when break exceeds certain intervals (according to Round Robin protocol) ARTEMIS Urban (993 s) ARTEMIS Road (1082 s) ARTEMIS Motorway (1068 s) 50 km/h (300 s) 90 km/h (300 s) 120 km/h (300 s)
6 Some preliminary results
7 1,0E+04 1,0E+03 1,0E+02 D 1,0E+01 Particle characteristics: Comparison of active surface and total number. Diesel and Gasoline car (cold / hot) (cm² s -1 ) dn (s -1 ) 1,0E+00 1,0E-01 1,0E-02 1,0E E+13 1,0E-04 1,0E+13 1,0E+12 1,0E+11 1,0E+10 1,0E+09 1,0E+08 Cold start effect G Cold Hot D G 80 1,0E ,0E+06 1,0E (km h -1 ) 1,0E Cycle time (s) 0
8 NEDENEF: New Diesel Engines and New Diesel Fuels Influence of Future Formulations on Emissions and Performance of New DI Diesel Fuel Effects on the Laguna 1,9 dci Vehicle
9 0,06 2,0E+05 Indicative DGI Mass [g/km] 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 DGI R 2 = 0,62 Active Surface [cm 2 / km] 1,8E+05 1,6E+05 1,4E+05 1,2E+05 1,0E+05 8,0E+04 6,0E+04 4,0E+04 2,0E+04 DC R 2 = 0,81 Instrument Correlation with CVS PM Solid particle number [km -1 ] 0 5,0E+13 4,5E+13 4,0E+13 3,5E+13 3,0E+13 2,5E+13 2,0E+13 1,5E+13 1,0E+13 5,0E ,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 PM Mass [g/km] R 2 = 0,53 ELPI 0,0E ,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 PM Mass [g/km] Total particle number [km -1 ] 0,0E+00 1,0E+14 9,0E+13 8,0E+13 7,0E+13 6,0E+13 5,0E+13 4,0E+13 3,0E+13 2,0E+13 1,0E+13 0,0E ,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 PM Mass [g/km] R 2 = 0,12 CPC 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 PM Mass [g/km]
10 PM [g/km] over NEDC Gravimetric Impactor [mg/km] over NEDC 0,07 0,06 0,05 Euro III: 0,050 g/km PM CV 18,1% DGI CV 17,4% 0, , ,02 0,01 0,00 D1 (REF) Type Approval: 0,030 g/km D2 (ST-) D3 (ST=) D4 (Den-) D5 (Den+) D6 (Visc-) D7 (Visc+) Error D8 (Com1) D9 (Com2) D1 (REF) D2 (ST-) D3 (ST=) D4 (Den-) D5 (Den+) D6 (Visc-) D7 (Visc+) Error D8 (Com1) D9 (Com2) Total particle number [km -1 ] over NEDC Instrument variability 1,1E+14 1,0E+14 9,0E+13 8,0E+13 7,0E+13 6,0E+13 5,0E+13 4,0E+13 3,0E+13 2,0E+13 1,0E+13 0,0E+00 D1 (REF) Error D2 (ST-) D3 (ST=) D4 (Den-) D5 (Den+) CPC CV 5,7% D6 (Visc-) D7 (Visc+) Error D8 (Com1) D9 (Com2) 2,0E+05 1,8E+05 1,6E+05 Active Surface [cm²/km] over NEDC Total solid particle number [km -1 ] over NEDC 6,0E+13 DC CV 9,9% ELPI CV 8,9% 5,0E+13 1,4E+05 1,2E+05 4,0E+13 1,0E+05 3,0E+13 8,0E+04 6,0E+04 2,0E+13 4,0E+04 2,0E+04 0,0E+00 D1 (REF) Error D2 (ST-) D3 (ST=) D4 (Den-) D5 (Den+) D6 (Visc-) D7 (Visc+) Error D8 (Com1) D9 (Com2) 1,0E+13 0,0E+00 D1 (REF) D2 (ST-) D3 (ST=) D4 (Den-) D5 (Den+) D6 (Visc-) D7 (Visc+) Error D8 (Com1) D9 (Com2)
11 Traps
12 Test DPFs specifications Property Cordierite SiC Manufacturer NGK Ltd. Ibiden Cell density (cpsi) External diameter (mm) Length (mm) Plug length (mm) 10 5 Volume (m 3 ) E E-3 Weight (kg) Bulk density (kg/m 3 ) Wall thickness (mm) Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 25 C 400 C 25 C 400 C Specific heat capacity (J/kgK) 25 C 400 C 25 C 400 C Wall porosity (%) 49 42
13 No Additive/ Concentration Abbreviation Additives used for regeneration 1 Mn / 8 ppm G1 2 Mn / 40 ppm I1 3 Ce / 25 ppm DPX9
14 Measurement Sequence
15 [ o C] Regeneration test. G1-cordierite filter turbo by pass. T [ o C], Intake air [Nm 3 /h], CO [ppm] T out T in Intake air p 496 [ o C] 543 [ o C] CO p [mbar] Time [sec] 0
16 1.E+06 Diffusion charger results (total particles): Euro III car over the UDC 2 traps 3 additives different loading levels ASMO [µm 2 /cm 3 ] 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 Baseline G1/SiC G1/cordierite I1/SiC I1/cordierite DPX9/SiC Laguna dci,, D4
17 1.E+07 CPC results (total particles): Euro III car over the UDC 2 traps 3 additives different loading levels CPC [#/cm3 exh] 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 Baseline G1/SiC G1/cordierite I1/SiC I1/cordierite DPX9/SiC Laguna dci,, D4
18 1.E+09 ELPI results (solid particles): Euro III car over the UDC 2 traps 3 additives different loading levels ELPI dn/dlogdp [#/cm3 exh] 1.E+08 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 Baseline G1/SiC G1/cordierite I1/SiC I1/cordierite DPX9/SiC Laguna dci,, D4
19 DPX9/SiC MMT I/Cordierite Efficiencies over UDC Laguna dci,, D4 MMT I/SiC MMT G/Cordierite MMT G/SiC 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Diffusion charger CPC ELPI
20 E E Real time measurements at the regeneration phase for CPC for two traps P [mbar] SiC-I1- P Cordierite-I1- P SiC-I1-CPC Cordierite-I1-CPC 1.0E E E+01 CPC [#/cm3] 1.0E normal w/o turbo 1.0E km/h 80 km/h 100 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 60 km/h 80 km/h 100 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 140 km/h time [s] 1.0E-02
21 1.00E+07 IBEB G1/SiC G1/cordierite I1/SiC ASMO [fa exh] 1.00E E+05 I1/cordierite DPX9/SiC Effect of the Regeneration on Surface area 1.00E+04 UDC #2 50 km/h 90 km/h 120 km/h 60 km/h 80 km/h 100 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 60 km/h 80 km/h 100 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 140 km/h Baseline - Steady state normal w/o turbo At steady states (not completely comparable) 80% (50-95%) reduction on emissions but higher than UDC with trap. Generally I1 better than G1
22 1.00E E+08 IBEB G1/cordierite I1/cordierite G1/SiC I1/SiC DPX9/SiC ELPI [dn/dlogdp] 1.00E E+06 Effect of the Regeneration on number concentration at the dry branch 1.00E E+04 UDC #2 50 km/h 90 km/h 120 km/h Baseline - Steady state normal w/o turbo At steady states (not completely comparable) 99% reduction on emissions but higher than UDC with trap. Generally I1 better than G1
23 Two stroke 2 wheelers
24 Active Surface [cm² s -1 ] 4000 Diesel m²/km 3500 Yamaha BWS m²/km ECE 40 Cycle Time [s] Particle characteristics: 1.0E E E E E+13 Comparison 1.0E+12 Diesel Euro I with 1.0E+11 2 two-wheelers 1.0E E+09 dn/dlogdp [km -1 ] km/h Piaggio Typhoon (non cat.) Trillion part./km Diesel Euro I PC (non cat.) Trillion part./km Yamaha BWS (cat.) Trillion part./km Mobility Diameter [nm] dn/dlogdp [km -1 ] 1.0E E E E E E+12 Piaggio Typhoon (non cat.) Diesel Euro I PC (non cat.) Yamaha BWS (cat.) 1.0E E Aerodynamic Diameter [nm]
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