CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM A CATALYZED TRAP EQUIPPED NATURAL GAS FUELED TRANSIT BUS
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1 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM A CATALYZED TRAP EQUIPPED NATURAL GAS FUELED TRANSIT BUS Mridul Gautam, Sairam Thiagarajan, Tim Burlingame, Scott Wayne, Dan Carder Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University Adewale Oshinuga South Coast Air Quality Management District Lisa Graham Environment Canada Ted Tadrous Lubrizol Howard Paris and Bob Kreeb Booz Allen and Hamilton
2 Project Objectives Reduction of exhaust emissions from current (2001 ULEV compliant) natural gas fueled vehicles Recognize the problem (PM/gaseous; regulated/unregulated) Natural gas engine designs need to focus more on cylinder materials, design of ring packs, valve stem seals, etc., to minimize oil consumption. Identify the nature of the problem by conducting a detailed speciation of the exhaust (Round 1) Design an exhaust aftertreatment system to tackle specific pollutants Install exhaust aftertreatment system on the vehicle and conduct another speciation study (Round 2) Operate the vehicle in the field for 6 months and monitor performance. Conduct speciation study after 6 months (Round 3)
3 Project Objectives Engine Cummins C8.3G+ (6-cylinder, 8.3 liter, 280 rpm) Certified with a catalyst for California ULEV levels NOx: 1.53 g/bhp-hr NMHC: 0.21 g/bhp-hr Total PM: g/bhp-hr CO: 0.8 g/bhp-hr Vehicle Orion, standard 40-foot, high-floor design Laboratory WVU Transportable Laboratory with a dedicated Clean Tunnel with on-site GC
4 Chemical Characterization Particulate Matter TPM, PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1 Volatile Organic Compounds Low molecular weight alkanes and olefins (C 2 C 5 ) Low molecular weight aromatics (BTEX) Elemental & Organic Carbon PAHs and n-pahs Hopanes and Stearanes Elemental Compounds Ionic Species Carbonyls PM Size Concentration and Distributions
5 Test Vehicle Installed On The Chassis Dynamometer
6 Clean Tunnel With Sampling Ports/Trains PM 1 Cyclone PM 2.5 Cyclone PM 2.5 Cyclone (EC/OC) Total PM PM 10 Cyclone
7 PM Filter followed by an Oxidation Catalyst in the Transit Bus Exhaust System
8 WVU/Lubrizol-ECS Catalyzed Filter and Oxidation Catalyst Diesel Particulate Filter Silicon Carbide segmented honeycomb (11.25 in x 12 in) 200 square CPI cell density Pt coated on proprietary wash-coat for passive regeneration over duty cycles producing exhaust temperature 280 o C o C for >25% of the time Oxidation Catalyst Cordierite monolith (10.5 in x 6 in) 400 square CPI cell density Pd coated on proprietary wash-coat
9 Tunnel Background (Round 1) Particle concentration dn/dlogdp (#/cm^3) 6x10 4 5x10 4 4x10 4 3x10 4 2x10 4 1x Normal background Data: BG2_B Model: Gauss Chi^2/DoF = R^2 = y ± xc ± w ± A ± Particle diameter (nm)
10 Sunline Transit Bus Steady State Operation 20 Mph With Oxidation Catalyst (Round 1) Particle Concentration dn/dlogdp (#/cm^3) 1.0x x x x x SS 20mph With Oxidation Catalyst--cold SS 20mph With Oxidation Catalyst--hot Data: SS 20mph with cat cold Model: Gauss Chi^2/DoF = R^2 = y ± xc ± w ± A ± Data: SS 20mph with cat hot Model: Gauss Chi^2/DoF = R^2 = y ± xc ± w ± A ± Particle diameter (nm)
11 Tunnel Background (Round 2) Particle Concentration dn/dlogdp (#/cm^3) 3.0x x x x x x Background Particle diameter (nm)
12 Sunline Transit Bus Steady State Operation 25 Mph with PM Filter Only No Oxidation Catalyst (Round 2) Particle Concentration dn/dlogdp (#/cm^3) 5x10 6 4x10 6 3x10 6 2x10 6 1x Particle Diameter (nm) Steady State 25Mph Cold Steady State 25Mph Hot Data: Steady State Cold Model: Gauss Chi^2/DoF = R^2 = y ± xc ± w ± A ± Data: Steady State Hot Model: Gauss Chi^2/DoF = R^2 = y ± xc ± w ± A ±
13 Particle concentration dn/dlogdp (#/cm^3) Sunline Transit Bus Steady State Operation 25 Mph with PM Filter and Oxidation Catalyst (Round 2) 6x10 4 5x10 4 4x10 4 3x10 4 2x10 4 1x10 4 Steady state 25Mph with Oxidation Catalyst and Trap Particle diameter (nm)
14 Comparison of Particle Size Distributions LNG-fueled and Diesel-fueled Transit Buses 1.00E E E E+06 GMD ~ 49 nm (Diesel) GMD ~ 30 nm (LNG) 1999 Study Diesel fueled M11-1 Diesel fueled M11-2 LNG fueled L-10-1 LNG fueled L-10-2 LNG fueled L-10-3 dn/dlogdp 1.00E E E E E E Dp (nm) M. Gautam and S. Mehta, West Virginia University
15 Sunline Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; PM Filter Only (Round 2) Normalized particle concentration N/dlog Dp (#/cm^3) 1.00E E E E E E E E E nm Time (sec)
16 Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; PM Filter and Oxidation Catalyst (Round 2) Normalized concentration dn/dlog Dp (#/cc) 1.00E E E E E Time (sec) 18.8 nm
17 Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; PM Filter Only (Round 2) Normalized particle concentration dn/dlog Dp (#/cm^3) 1.00E E E E E E E Time (sec) 53.3 nm
18 Normalized particle concentration dn/dlog Dp (#/cm^3) 1.00E E E E E E+00 Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; PM Filter and Oxidation Catalyst (Round 2) 46.49nm Time (sec)
19 Regulated Emissions C8.3G+ (No Cat) C8.3G+ (With Cat) Emissions, g/mile C8.3G+ (With WVU-Lubrizol Trap & Cat) CO NOX1 FIDHC PM (x100) West Virginia University, Bars are Average of 3 Replicate Runs
20 Total PM Emissions C8.3G+ (Without Oxy Cat) C8.3G+ (With Oxy Cat) C8.3G+ (WVU-Lubrizol Trap & Oxy Cat) Emissions, g/mile PM1 PM2.5 PM10 TPM West Virginia University, Bars are Average of 3 Replicate Runs
21 Methane and Non-Methane Hydrocarbons C8.3G+ (No Cat) C8.3G+ (With Cat) Emissions, g/mile C8.3G+ (With WVU- Lubrizol Trap & Cat) C8.3G+ (WVU-Lubrizol Trap Only) FIDHC CH4 NMHC 1.67 West Virginia University, Bars are Average of 3 Replicate Runs
22 Carbonyls Emissions, g/mile C8.3G+ (Baseline) C8.3G+ (With OEM Cat) C8.3G+ (WVU-Lubrizol Trap & Cat)X formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone propionaldehyde West Virginia University,
23 XRF Chemical Elements C8.3G+ (with WVU-Lubrizol Trap & OC: Non-Detectable) 7.500E E-03 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd W Hg Pb Emissions, g/mile 4.500E E E E+00 Background C8.3G+ (With Oxy Cat) C8.3G+ (Without Oxy Cat) West Virginia University, Bars are Average of 3 Replicate Runs
24 Acknowledgements Funding for the study was provided by: South Coast Air-Quality Management District The Gas Company West Virginia University,
25 West Virginia University,
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