Experimental Study on 3-Way Catalysts in Automobile

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1 , pp Experimental Study on 3-Way Catalysts in Automobile S. W. Lee 1, Jongmin Kim 2, Doo-Sung Baik 3 1, 2 Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University Seoul , KOREA 3 Computer-aided Mechanical Engineering, Daejin University Pocheon , KOREA Corresponding Author: dsbaik@daejin.ac.kr Abstract. Internal combustion vehicles using fossil fuel emit mostly harmless substances to human such as CO 2, water vapor and others but include some harmful HC and Particulate Materials (PM) affecting environment directly or indirectly [1-2]. America, Europe and world major car developed countries enact and implement emission regulation such as Euro, ULEV in order to solve global environmental pollution, global warming problems. Three-way catalyst converter is a representative device to satisfy emission regulations mentioned above. Three-way catalyst has been applied to the gasoline engine vehicles essentially since its first introduction in 1970s because it can reduce CO, THC and NOx and others effectively only by chemical reaction. Precious metals used in the three way catalyst for gasoline engine are mainly PGM (platinum group metal) such as Pt, Pd and Rh. Keywords: Three-way catalyst, Precious Metal, Transition Metal 1 Introduction Internal combustion vehicles using fossil fuel emit mostly harmless substances to human such as CO 2, water vapor and others but include some harmful HC and Particulate Materials (PM) affecting environment directly or indirectly [1-2]. America, Europe and world major car developed countries enact and implement emission regulation such as Euro, ULEV in order to solve global environmental pollution, global warming problems. Three-way catalyst converter is a representative device to satisfy emission regulations mentioned above. Oxidation of HC and CO and reduction of NOx of catalyst reaction are happening at once during the catalytic process. For this catalytic process, the platinoid elements such as Pt, Pd, Rh commonly are used. The platinoid elements are used in not only catalyst for vehicles but also electrode catalyst of fuel cell for fuel cell vehicles. Other than in the automobile sector, the areas that are used are wide but the supply is very limited and price increases and ISSN: ASTL Copyright 2016 SERSC

2 depletion on crisis have been raised as well [3, 4]. Therefore developments of priced transition metal series are needed in order to replace precious metal with transition metal series. In order to reduce the demand of precious metal which are being use to catalyst, all the countries of the world have being conducted various research method using Pt/Rh, Pd, Pd/Rh and transition metal. This study is purposed to provide the essential basic data in developing the transitional metal catalyst to apply to vehicles through some comparison study. Transition metals applied transition metal three-way catalysts were substituted for a part of the precious metals depending on the engine operation ranges of engine test. 2 Experiments 2.1 Experimental Set-up In this experiment emission test was conducted using a commercial three-way catalyst and two transition metal catalysts for gasoline vehicle in order to compare emission reduction ratio each other. The catalysts used in this experiment are a commercial three-way catalyst and two transition metal catalysts (transition metal-1, transition metal-2) which replace precious metal with transition metal. The structure of transition metal consists of a compound of perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 Pbl 3 ) and tungsten carbide (WC). Fig. 1. Gasoline engine test bench Copyright 2016 SERSC 45

3 Table 1. Experimental conditions for engine test Engine speed(rpm) 1500, 2000, 2500 Engine load 2, 4, 6 Catalyst type Commercial three way catalyst, Transition metal-1 catalyst, Transition metal-2 catalyst Stroke (mm) 96.0 Displacement volume (cc) 2199 Compression ratio 16:1 Firing order A test engine for this experiment was a 2.0 liter gasoline engine and equipment for this test consists of EC dynamometer, controller, emission analyzer, controller for engine speed and engine load and DAQ. And catalysts applied to this experiment are a commercial three-way catalyst used in 2.0 liter gasoline vehicle and a transition metal-1 reduced 50% of precious metal and a transition metal-2 reduced 80% of precious metal. The engine test was conducted on performance test of a commercial catalyst and transition metal-1, 2 under the various driving conditions. The test was conducted after going through sufficient warm-up after engine start. Temperature for coolant was maintained at 80±2 and data for CO, NOx emissions and emission temperature were secured by programming control logic through DAQ board and Lab view program. The experiment was conducted repeatedly three times and the mean values were represented as results. Emission samplings were measured by an emission analyzer after exhaust gas was extracted through three-way valve. The characteristics of catalyst were figured out by computing reduction ratio of emissions through the change of emission concentration between rear side and front side of catalyst. 46 Copyright 2016 SERSC

4 Fig. 2. CO emissions at the locations of front and rear of catalyst (α NH 3 /NO x ratio 1.0, coolant temperature 200 ) 2.1 Experimental Results Figure 2 represents experimental results of reduction ratios of CO emission under the condition of engine speeds of 1500, 2000 and 2500rpm, and engine loads of 2, 4 and 6 bar by using a commercial three-way catalyst, a transition metal-1 catalyst and a transition metal-2 catalyst. Copyright 2016 SERSC 47

5 Looking at the CO emission reduction rate according to driving conditions, the reduction performance of emission was shown to be 96~97% in a commercial three-way catalyst. And 93~97% reduction performance was shown in the transition metal-1 catalyst and 95~97% reduction performance was shown the transition metal-2 catalyst. Comparing transition metal catalysts 1and 2 with a commercial catalyst there were very similar CO reduction performance even though there are some differences in CO reduction rates. WC and transition metal compound have enough capability to make into a catalyst in behalf of existing commercial catalysts. In fact, electric characteristics of tungsten carbide are very similar to platinum because tungsten carbide has properties to make catalysis on important thermal and electric catalytic reaction which tungsten metal itself cannot do with [3-5]. 4 Conclusions This experiment was conducted to ascertain some possibility to replace a precious metal of a commercial three-way catalyst with two transition metals in which some of precious metal of commercial three-way catalyst for gasoline automobiles were replaced with transition metal, and also emission reduction ratios obtained by using transition metal catalyst were compared with emission reduction ratio obtained by using commercial precious metal catalyst in various engine conditions. It was confirmed that emission reduction performance of transition metal-1, 2 catalysts were similar to existing commercial three-way catalysts. Considering that transition metal catalyst was similar to a commercial three-way catalyst in terms of reduction performance of emission but the transition metal catalyst were cheaper than precious metal catalyst in the aspect of price. References 1. Cha, M. S.: Price history of platinum group metal and influence of catalyst technology. Auto Journal, Vol.26, No.9, pp (2014) 2. King, E., Wallace, D., Becker, R.: Strategies toward the sustainable and cost-effective use of the platinum group metals. SAE paper , pp (2014) 3. Fathali, A., Wallin, F., Kristoffersson, A., Lautell, M.: Thermal and chemical deactivation of three-way catalysts: Comparison of road-fuel-cut and Al-aged catalysts. SAE paper (2011) 4. Yuki, A.: Development of advanced zone-coated three-way catalysts. SAE paper (2011) 5. Shinichi, M.: Recent advances in automobile exhaust catalysts. J. of Catalyst Today, Vol.90, pp (2014) 48 Copyright 2016 SERSC

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