MEASURES TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN THE SUBWAY SYSTEM

Transcription

1 MEASURES TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN THE SUBWAY SYSTEM

2 Implementing Methodologies and Practices to Reduce air pollution Of the subway environment 1/1/214-31/3/218 The objective of the project is to provide to the local and national transport authorities of European countries the appropriate measures and strategies to reduce concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM1) and identify distinctive chemical components in underground rail air.

3 On platforms PM1 (µg/m 3 ) PM2.5 (µg/m 3 ) Reference Barcelona Querol et al. 212 Barcelona Moreno et al. 214; Martins et al. 215 Budapest Salma et al. 27 London Seaton et al. 25 Los Angeles Kam et al. 211 Paris 2 61 Raut et al. 29 Seoul Kim et al. 28 Stockholm Johansson & Johansson 23 Taipei Cheng et al. 28 Inside train PM1 PM2.5 Reference Barcelona Querol et al. 212 Barcelona Martins et al. 215 Los Angeles Kam et al. 211 Taipei Cheng et al. 28

4 VARIABLES Station design: single/double track, access points, depth, ventilation systems, platform door systems Train frequency and piston effect Passenger numbers Train design: braking systems, wheels, air conditioning, etc. Contamination by outside city air Ferruginous environment influenced by brake pad chemistry

5 We need to determine the sources of PM and their contribution to air quality in platforms and inside trains to reduce their impact. Testing mitigation strategies : Emissions for specific components (brakes, rails, catenary), Activities in the tunnel, Effect and practicability of applying antiresuspension product to the ballast before placement, Changes in ventilation protocols.

6 PM SOURCES IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS Outdoor Na, K, NO 3, SO 4, V, C, etc Catenary Catenaria Cu, Cu, Zn, Zn, Pb, C C Frenos Brakes Ba, Cu, Sb, Sb, As, C, Fe Ruedas, Wheels, railes rails Fe, Mn, Cr Electric escobillas brushes motor Carbon Ballast, cement Al, Si, Ca, etc + resuspension

7 Frontal brake pad Lateral brake pad Cu catenary 2cm Wheels 1cm

8 BCN Metro 1.25 million passengers per weekday 5% of public transport loading Average journey time (inside train) 12 minutes L3: Open platform system L9: Closed platform system

9 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN

10 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN

11 PMx (µg/m 3 ) PMx (µg/m 3 ) 2 16 VARIABLES: PLATFORM & TRAIN VENTILATION Joanic SUMMER PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Joanic WINTER :3 12:1 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 13: 12:4 12:11 12:18 12:26 12:33 12:4 12:47 12:54 13:2 13: INSIDE TRAINS PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Open Close With Air Conditioning Without Air Conditioning :33 1:4 1:47 1:55 11:2 11:9 11:16 11:23 11:31 Time (hh:mm) Martins et al 215, Sci. Total Env. 511,

12 PMx (µg/m3) VARIABLES: STATION DESIGN AND PISTON EFFECT µg/m PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Without PSD 2 9:27 9:35 9:43 9:52 1: 1:8 1:17 1: TRAIN PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure TRAIN With PSD 4 2 1:21 1:28 1:35 1:42 1:49 1:57 11:4 11:11 11:18 11:25 Time (hh:mm)

13 Subway/Barcelona outdoor SUBWAY PM CHEMISTRY Llefià Joanic Tetuan Sta Coloma 1, Pb, Ni, As, La, Ce, Co, Cu, Sb NO 3, Na, Cl, PM 2.5, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cr, Mn TC, Al, Mg, V, Bi, Se, Sn, P, Zn, Li, Ti, Ba 1, 1, NO3- SO42- NH4+ Na Cl PM2.5 TC Al2O3 Ca Mg Fe Pb V Cd Bi Se Sn Ni Rb P U Zn As Li Ti La Ce Co Cr Cu Mn Sb Ba

14 November

15 SAGRERA L5 November

16 CO 2 (ppm) N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) CO (ppm) PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) MAINTENANCE WORKS Railway major nightworks: sleeper and track replacement. Rail cut and movement (abrasion) Ballast levelling (some is removed) Positioning new tracks and sleepers Welding Addition and levelling of new ballast (gasoline engine machinery) November

17 CO (ppm) dn.3-1 /dlogdp PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) MAINTENANCE WORKS PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) CO (ppm) % N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) Date-Hour (UTC) 7% 1 2 Before works PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) During works 1 2 Before works N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) CO Before (ppm) works During works 1 2 During works 1 2 Before works Average PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) concentrations during works (1:-4:h CET), comparing periods before and during work activities 1 2 Before works During works During works Date-Hour (UTC) 84% 6% 2 1 November Before works During works Before works Date-Hour (UTC) 1 2 During works 1 2 Before works During works

18 MAINTENANCE WORKS PM 2.5 N.3-1 CO Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Before works period (working hours) ,5 <.1 After works period (working hours) ,32,5 Working hours Material transport ,56,6 Railway recess ,14,7 New rail instalation ,6,4 Welding ,69,15 Material transport+railway recesss ,96,39 Welding +Railway recess ,1,4 Material transport +New rail instalation+welding <.1 <.1 New rail instalation +Welding Before works period (operation hours) ,3 <.1 After works period (operation hours) ,8,6 Working days (operation hours) Material transport ,1,8 Railway recess ,1,1 New rail instalation ,12,12 Welding ,7,8 Material transport+railway recesss ,13,1 Welding +Railway recess ,7,1 Material transport +New rail instalation+welding ,2 <.1 New rail instalation +Welding ,19,2 + 16% PM 2,5 November

19 MAINTENANCE WORKS 2,5 2, Material transport New rail installation Railway recess Welding works 1,5 1,,5, PM2,5 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O CuO MnO ZnO Cr2O3 TC Li V Co Ni As Se Rb Sr Cd Sn Sb La Ce Pb Bi Increment > 5% Transport: Al, P, Li, Mo Railway recess: Al, P, Cr, Li, V, Co, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd (Pb, Bi, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) New rail: Al, Cu, Mn, Cr, Li, Se, Mo, Co, Ni, Rb, Sr, (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni) Welding: Al, Ti, P, Cr, Li, Se, Rb, Mo, V, Co, Ni, Sr, Mo

20 PALAU REIAL/MARIA CRISTINA L3 ADDITION OF NEW BALLAST November 211 2

21 CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO (ppm) CO (ppm) N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) N.3-1 (# cm -3 ) PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) ADDITION OF NEW BALLAST PALAU REIAL MARIA CRISTINA November 211

22 CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) 5-24h ADDITION OF NEW BALLAST WITH WATER No activity a) PALAU REIAL b) MARIA CRISTINA Addition of ballast/track tamping CON POLIMERO No activity Addition of ballast/track tamping 15 39% 15 PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) N.3-1 ( # cm -3 ) % 1 factor(type) factor(type) CO (ppm) factor(type) factor(type) 38%

23 CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) 5-24h ADDITION OF NEW BALLAST WITH WATER No activity a) PALAU REIAL b) MARIA CRISTINA Addition of ballast/track tamping WITH POLYMER No activity Addition of ballast/track tamping 15 39% 15 PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) N.3-1 ( # cm -3 ) % 1 factor(type) factor(type) factor(type) 1 factor(type) CO (ppm)

24 ADDITION OF NEW BALLAST 2,5 2, Balast Ballast + + water Balast Ballast + + polymer 1,5 1,,5, PM2,5Al2O3Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O CuO MnO ZnO Cr2O3 TC Li V Co Ni As Se Rb Sr Cd Sn Sb La Ce Pb Bi

25 TARRAGONA L3 CHANGES IN VENTILATION SETTINGS November

26 CHANGES IN VENTILATION Week Week Week DAY NIGHT DAY NIGHT DAY NIGT IMPULSION CLOSED EXTRACTION CLOSED IMPULSION CLOSED November 211

27 CO(ppm) CO 2 (ppm) CO (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) PM 2.5 (µgm 3 ) N.3 1 (#cm 3 ) PM 2.5 (µgm 3 ) N.3 1 (#cm 3 ) CHANGES IN VENTILATION 24-5h (ventilation closed) 5-24h (1: impulsion, 2: extraction) factor(type) factor(type) factor(type) 1 2 factor(type) November factor(type) factor(type) Ventilation Extraction> Impulsion Difference (%) p-value PM % <.1 N % <.1 CO -1% >.1 CO 2 1% < factor(type) factor(type)

28 CHANGES IN VENTILATION During this campaign PM concentrations increased by almost 2% on the platform when the ventilation setting was changed. This increase was observed immediately after the ventilation was changed. PM levels did not keep increasing during the week. The changes in daytime ventilation did not affect air quality on the platform during the night. With these results, a ventilation with impulsion of outdoor air is recommended over a ventilation with extraction of indoor subway air. We are carrying out a second campaign in the same station under winter conditions to corroborate the results. November

29 SUMMARY PLATFORM MEASUREMENTS Increase in average concentrations during subway operating hours 5-24h Main tunnel Rail Ballast + Ballast + Ventilation works works water polymer change Sagrera Joanic Palau Reial Maria Cristina Tarragona Increase (%) PM % 18% 39% 2% 18% N.3-1 1% 13% 33% 2% 22% CO 22% 5% 5% 27% -- CO 2 1% 2% 2%.2% 1% November

30 PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) INSIDE TRAINS Train 1 (1 month) Localisation equipment TRAIN 1 November 211 Date AC filter change 2/4/215 5/5/215 Days AC filter 33 days 59 days TRAIN 2 1/6/215 9 days Train 2 (3 months) Train 1 (2 months)

31 PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) PM 2.5 (µgm 3 ) PM 2.5 (µgm 3 ) Number of days since the filters replacements PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) PM 2.5 (µgm -3 ) INSIDE TRAINS HOURLY CYCLE Train Number of days since the filters replacement Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Train Number of days since the filters replacement Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday November

32 INSIDE TRAINS PM 2.5 concentrations inside trains were 3-5% lower than the simultaneously measured concentrations on platforms of the same subway line. PM 2.5 levels measured inside the train were c. 2% higher during working days compared to weekends, showing that train frequency affects PM concentrations inside trains as well as on the platform. Unusual concentration peaks registered inside trains were related to night maintenance activities when the train is at the depot (e.g. cleaning activities such as graffiti removal, air compressed cleaning, etc.) No appreciable difference is observed in PM 2.5 levels after the AC filter has been operating for at least 3 months, indicating that in terms of air quality alone, it does not seem necessary to change these filters monthly as is done regularly at the moment. November

33 November

34 SOME IMPROVE LIFE CONCLUSIONS SO FAR Ventilation is a key factor influencing air quality in both platforms and inside trains. Summer platform ventilation and air conditioning inside trains both improve air quality. Driving air into the tunnel system from outside produces better air quality than the reverse. Protocols regarding regular replacement of AC filters in trains should be reexamined. Platform screen door systems, in addition to improving safety, produce much better air quality than traditional open subway platforms. Extreme transient peaks in PM concentrations produced by night tunnel maintenance have a detectable, but much lower, short-term impact on daytime platform air quality. The most polluting activity is identified as that of ballast removal and replacement, producing abundant granitic rock dust. The treatment of ballast with anti-resuspension polymer has a detectable influence on daytime platform air quality, and is to be encouraged.