Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel & Natural Gas Trucks from Real-World CA Driving

Transcription

1 Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel & Natural Gas Trucks from Real-World CA Driving David C. Quiros, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Marc C. Besch, Saroj Pradhan, Pragalath Thiruvengadam, Dan Carder, Mark Burnitzki, Wayne Sobieralski, Don Chernich, Jesse Tu, John Karim, Sharon Lemieux, Eon S. Lee, Yifang Zhu, Adewale Oshinuga, Tao Huai, Shaohua Hu 5 th Annual International PEMS Conference and Workshop CE-CERT, UC Riverside March 26-27, 2015

2 Background 2 San Joaquin Valley and South Coast Air Basins need NOx reductions to achieve ambient ozone standard Additional on-road testing for a breadth of model year (MY) 2010-compliant trucks will help better understand real-world emission trends of NOx and other key pollutants emitted from heavy-duty trucks in California This study evaluates HD emissions using: (1) gaseous PEMS, (2) portable FTIR, (3) gravimetric particulate matter (PM), and (4) total particle number emissions during on-road driving of more than 1,500 miles for each truck

3 Day 1: 437 mi Central Valley Via I-5 Open Hwy + Grapevine Day 2: 146 mi Port of LB/LA Route Congested Hwy + Creep Simulation Day 5: 439 mi Central Valley Via SR-99 Open Hwy + Grapevine Day 3: 150 mi OC Delivery Congested Hwy + Suburban Arterial 3 Day 4: 521 mi Needles/Blythe Open Hwy + Cajon Pass

4 Test Vehicles Truck 1 Truck 2 Truck 3 Truck 4 Engine MY Make Cummins Cummins Cummins DDC Disp./HP 15 L/550 hp 15 L/450 hp 11.9 L/400 hp 14.8/505 hp Fuel Diesel Diesel CNG Diesel Odometer 393,174 mi 123,471 mi 11,142 mi 110,680 mi Engine Family 7CEXH0912XAM DCEXH0912XAT DCEXH0729XBA EDDXH14.8EED Aftertreatment DOC+DPF DOC+DPF SCR TWC DOC+DPF SCR 4 FTP NOx cert g/bhp-hr NTE NOx cert g/bhp-hr

5 Setup for Measuring Gaseous Emissions PEMS (3) FTIR (2) AVL M.O.V.E SEMTECH-DS HORIBA OBS MKS FTIR 2030 A&D BOB-1000 FT HORIBA MEXA-7200d CVS 40 CFR 1065 PM Measurement 5 Real-time PM sampling configuration shown subsequently

6 Objectives A. Evaluate PEMS measurement approaches for criteria pollutants B. Evaluate FTIR compared to standard PEMS, and report non-criteria pollutants C. Compare emissions of various heavy-duty trucks during typical South Coast Air Basin driving conditions D. Compare total particle number and solid particle number emissions during real-time driving 6

7 Objective A: Evaluate PEMS Horiba OBS-2200 Sensors SEMTECH-DS AVL M.O.V.E GAS 493 HORIBA MEXA-7200 CO ± 125 ppm NDIR ± 50 ppm NDIR ± 30 ppm NDIR ± 5 ppm NDIR CO 2 ± 1250 ppm NDIR ± 1000 ppm NDIR ± 1000 ppm NDIR ± 225 ppm NDIR THC ± 25 ppmc FID ± 5 ppmc FID ± 5 ppmc FID ± 3 ppm FID NO ± 2.5 ppm CLD ± 2% of [meas]. NDUV ± 10 ppm NDUV ± 2 ppm CLD NO 2 Calculated ± 2% of [meas]. NDUV ± 5 ppm NDUV Calculated NO X ± 2.5 ppm CLD Calculated Calculated ± 2 ppm CLD 7 O 2 ±1% O 2 Electrochemical PM ±1% O 2 Electrochemical 5 µg/m 3 Photo Acoustic

8 Near-Dock Route NO X CO 2 8 Vehicle 4 MY 2014 DD Reported NO X emission rates ranged g/bhp-hr when measuring low-scr temperature emissions using five units

9 Cajon Pass Route NO X 9 Vehicle 4 MY 2014 DD Reported NO X emission rates ranged g/bhp-hr among five units when measuring during high-load uphill and downhill driving

10 Objective B: Species Measured Using Two Portable FTIRs (22) MKS 2030 Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Nitric Oxide AnD BOB-1000FT Propylene Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrous Oxide Ammonia 1,3-Butadiene Isocyanic Acid Benzene Toluene Water Vapor Methane Ethane Propane Acetylene Formic Acid Octane (C8H18) 10 Formaldehyde Ethylene THC Acetylaldehyde

11 FTIR Speciation: Cajon Pass Route 11 FTIR offers measurement of criteria and trace gas species over orders of magnitude, but some discrepancies between units

12 Objective C: Compare Emissions Across Truck Technologies and Fuels Local highway driving routes with congestion 12 Vehicle 1 route entering Port of Los Angeles (105 and I-710 Fwys) Vehicles 2-4 route leaving Port of Los Angeles (110 Fwy) Comparison of criteria and noncriteria pollutants among similar routes on a brakespecific basis Vehicles 2, 3 and 4 Veh. 1 (MY 2007 Diesel)

13 Horiba MEXA 7200d Congested Highway Driving: Criteria Emissions 13 CO and THC emissions higher from CNG than diesel vehicles NOx emissions lower for SCR-equipped diesel than EGR only

14 Congested Highway Driving: Non-Criteria Emissions AnD BOB-1000 FTIR 14 Multiple gas analysis possible using FTIR: provides rapid insights into relative differences between truck technologies

15 Objective D: Measuring Particle Number: Total, Solid, and Other Metrics Raw Exhaust CVS 1800 SCFM CPC CPC Thermodilutor No Heat / 210 C / 300 C ( PMP ) TSI 3785 Ejector Dilutor D 50 = 5 nm TSI 3786 CVS D 50 = 2.5 nm CPC 15 TSI 3788 D 50 = 2.5 nm

16 16 Particle Number Emission Rate vs. Time

17 17 Particle Number Emission Rate vs. Time

18 Preliminary Findings and Next Steps NOx measurements varied ±20-30% as measured by various PEMS relative to laboratory-grade baseline; lowest variability observed during sustained high-load uphill driving routes Real-world PM mass emission rates are about ten times lower (<1 mg/bhp-hr) than required by the FTP emission standard Criteria and non-criteria gas emissions vary considerably between natural gas and diesel engines, and between DPF only and DPF+SCR systems 18 Particle number emission rates depend largely on driving conditions: preliminary data suggest particle number emissions dominated by low-volatility hydrocarbons Additional testing to be completed for two more MY 2010 compliant diesel engines: Volvo and Navistar using similar experimental setup

19 Questions David C. Quiros, D.Env. 19 Air Resources Engineer Monitoring and Laboratory Division California Air Resources Board (916)

20 20 Unused Slides

21 Methodology: Sampling Systems Raw Exhaust vs Diluted Exhaust from CVS Tunnel 21 In-line PM Sensor Pegasor PPS-M (raw exhaust) Annubar exhaust flow measurement device T and P before/after aftertreatment devices mks MultiGas (Model 2030) NO, NO 2, N 2 O, NH 3, CO, CO 2 (up to 25 gaseous compounds at 5Hz) => Raw exhaust gas measurement Secondary dilution PM sampling system according to 40 CFR 1065 Filter media: TX40 (PallFlex) Horiba OBS-2200 (raw exhaust) CO, CO 2 (NDIR, heated wet) NO x (NDIR, heated wet) THC (FID, heated wet) Horiba OBS-TRPM => Diluted PM measurement system (Gravimetric Filter (TX40) in conjunction with EAD from TSI Inc.) ECU broadcasted data via J1939 Horiba MEXA-7200D Automotive Emissions Analyzer System (from CVS tunnel) CO (NDIR, cold dry sample) CO 2 (NDIR, cold dry sample) THC (FID, heated wet sample) CH 4 (FID, non-methane cutter, heated wet sample) NO x (CLD, heated dry sample) NO (CLD, cold dry sample) EEPS (Model 3090) from TSI Inc. for PM size distributions (from CVS tunnel)

22 22 Show basic parts (PEMS/CVS, FTIR, PM, PM realtime)

23 Suburban Route NO X 23 Not Available Vehicle 4 MY 2014 DD NO X emission rates ranged g/bhp-hr when measuring during suburban driving with varying vehicle speed and exhaust flow.