PyeongChang Weather Report. (April 2017) The PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "PyeongChang Weather Report. (April 2017) The PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games"

Beverly Sharp
6 years ago
Views:

1 PyeongChang 218 Weather Report (April 217) The PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 218 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games Sport Planning Department Meteorology & Climate Team

2 Contents 1. Characteristics of the PyeongChang 218 Region Weather and Climate Main Weather Patterns Weather Impact Characteristics of Weather at Outdoor Competition Venues Alpensia Biathlon Centre Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre Alpensia Sliding Centre Bokwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Appendix I PyeongChang 218 Region Monthly Climate Normals... 2 Appendix II. Olympic and Paralympic Periods Weather Averages Appendix III Olympic Period Snow Competition Venues Hourly Weather Averages Appendix IV Paralympic Period Snow Competition Venues Hourly Weather Averages

1. Characteristics of the PyeongChang 218 Region Weather and Climate Located on the east side of Asia (Figure 1), the PyeongChang 218 region has a continental climate, featuring dry and cold winters

5 C in February and March respectively in the mountain cluster, durations of fog for 53 hours and 83 hours, and durations of precipitation 18 hours and 115 hours.

3 1. Characteristics of the PyeongChang 218 Region Weather and Climate Located on the east side of Asia (Figure 1), the PyeongChang 218 region has a continental climate, featuring dry and cold winters (Figure 2). Normal average temperatures are -5.5 C and -.5 C in February and March respectively in the mountain cluster, durations of fog for 53 hours and 83 hours, and durations of precipitation 18 hours and 115 hours. In general, the coastal cluster is milder and drier, and the mountain cluster has a larger daily temperature range (see Appendix I for monthly Climate Normals). Gangneung Daegwallyeong Figure 1. Locations of the PyeongChang 218 venues and weather stations Figure 2. Mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong) (left) and coastal cluster (Gangneung) (right) monthly climate normals of maximum and minimum temperatures in C (upper bars) and precipitation in mm (lower bars) The recent 1-year (28-217) average temperatures during the Olympic and Paralympic dates are -4.3 C and.8 C respectively in the mountain cluster, higher than the normals by.5 C and 1.2 C (Appendix II). Annual variation of precipitation is high in the mountain cluster, ranging.9 to 14.8 mm (Figure 3). The day maximum temperature extreme for the Games time in the mountain cluster was as high as 18. C, and the day snowfall extreme was 87. cm (Table 1). 3

4 Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Olympic Period, Mountain Cluster (Daegwallyeong) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Average Temperature ( ) Max Temperature ( ) Min Temperature ( ) Year Olympic Period, Coastal Cluster (Gangneung) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Average Temperature ( ) Max Temperature ( ) Min Temperature ( ) Year Paralympic Period, Mountain Cluster (Daegwallyeong) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Average Temperature ( ) Max Temperature ( ) Min Temperature ( ) Year Paralympic Period, Coastal Cluster (Gangneung) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Average Temperature ( ) Max Temperature ( ) Min Temperature ( ) Year Figure 3. Mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong) and coastal cluster (Gangneung) annual variation of temperatures (average, min and max), precipitation and snowfall for the Olympic and Paralympic periods 4

5 Table 1. Weather records of PyeongChang 218 region during the Games-time periods Mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong*) Coastal cluster (Gangneung) Element Olympic Period (9-25 February) Paralympic Period (9-18 March) Value Date Value Date Average temperature ( ) High Low Max temperature ( ) High Low Min temperature ( ) High Low Sea level pressure (hpa) High Low Relative humidity (%) Low Wind speed (m/s) High Gust (m/s) High Day precipitation (mm) High Day snowfall (cm) High Average temperature ( ) High Low Max temperature ( ) High Low Min temperature ( ) High Low Sea level pressure (hpa) High Low Relative humidity (%) Low Wind speed (m/s) High Gust (m/s) High Day precipitation (mm) High Day snowfall (cm) High Note: The climate features of the mountain cluster are based on the synoptic station, Daegwallyeong (471), which is located in an open area. Thus, weather at the alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboard competition venues can be very different from the numbers above, and accordingly weather extremes can vary dramatically at these venues. 5

6 2. Main Weather Patterns The following are main weather patterns that may affect the Games schedule: Type I Cold and dry air flow from the northwest This is the most dominant weather pattern during both the Olympic and Paralympic periods. The Siberian High brings cold and dry weather to the Korean peninsula. When the air mass gains strength, high winds and low windchill temperatures are the most influential factors in particular during the Olympic period. Type II Warm and humid airflow from the southwest This can give the most significant impact to the schedule if the flow is persistent. The temperature increases, and a lot of rain is possible under this setting. If the flow is not prolonged enough to increase temperature, it normally snows. There is a tendency of this pattern increasing in frequency in recent years. Type III Cold and humid air flow from the east This pattern brings wet weather in particular to the coastal area. Precipitation mostly depends on the wind speed and the thickness of the easterly wind layer. Flash snowfalls in the mountains are possible, varying in place according to different orographic effects. Record high precipitation is highly related to this pattern. Type IV Cooling effect in the mountains When winds are weak and skies are clear, the cooling effect in the mountains during the night lowers the temperature, and promotes the condensation of moisture in particular in the basins. Cold temperature and poor visibility associated with fog in the morning could delay the morning competition schedule. Type V In transition In transition from Type II to Type IV, troughs are occasionally located to the north of the outdoor competition venues, bringing snow flurries for a couple of days to the mountains in particular during the night when they tend to be deepened. 6

7 Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) Temperature ( C) Precipitation (mm) Snowfall (cm) 3. Weather Impact 217 The winter features dry weather (Appendix II), which generally provided good conditions to prepare for and run the test events. However, there were a couple of times, in which temperature increased under the Type II weather pattern (Figures 4 and 5) and high winds occurred under Type I Precipitation 217 Snowfall Normal Average Figure daily mean temperature ( C) for the mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong) compared with the daily Normal and the recent 1-year average, and daily precipitation in mm (green bars) and snowfall in cm (gray bars) for February-March Precipitation 217 Snowfall Normal Average Figure daily mean temperature for Gangneung compared with the normal and the recent 1-year average, and daily precipitation in mm (green bars) and snowfall in cm (gray bars) in February-March 217 For the Jeongseon 217 World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup Finals at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre, the super combined event scheduled on 14 March was canceled, and competition schedules on 12, 14, 15 and 18 March were advanced by a couple of hours due to warm temperatures. In addition, for the 217 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup presented by Viesmann at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre, the schedule on 16 February was delayed by 1-15 minutes, and the large hill individual took place at the normal hill due to strong winds. 7

4. Characteristics of Weather at Outdoor Competition Venues Located in the basin of Daegwallyeong-myeon, the competition venues for Nordic disciplines and biathlon share the common characteristics in

8 4. Characteristics of Weather at Outdoor Competition Venues Located in the basin of Daegwallyeong-myeon, the competition venues for Nordic disciplines and biathlon share the common characteristics in daily variation of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. However, the other mountain venues have different features from one another in vertical profiles of temperature, relative humidity and wind because of different altitudes, facing directions of slopes and surrounding terrains, and other differences. The following is an analysis of weather data for the Olympic and Paralympic periods during the past four years 1 (see Appendices III and IV for data). 4.1 Alpensia Biathlon Centre Olympic Period Biathlon Start (2557) 76 m.a.s.l N E Biathlon Middle (2558) 775 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 6. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre 1 Note: Only data is available at some sites at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre and Bokwang Snow Park. 8

Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 1. 85. -1. -2. 8 75-3. 7-4. -5. -6. -7. -8.

9 Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour BT Start Temp ( C) BT Middle Temp ( C) BT Start RH (%) BT Middle RH (%) Figure 7. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre Paralympic Period Biathlon Start (2557) 76 m.a.s.l N E Biathlon Middle (2558) 775 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 8. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre 9

Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.. -1. 8 75 7 65 6 55-2. -3. -4. -5.

9. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre 4.2 Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre Olympic Period CC Start (2577) 764 m.a.s.l. 37 39 5.

10 Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour BT Start Temp ( C) BT Middle Temp ( C) BT Start RH (%) BT Middle RH (%) Figure 9. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre 4.2 Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre Olympic Period CC Start (2577) 764 m.a.s.l N E CC Middle (2559) 77 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 1. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre 1

Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 1. 85. -1. -2. 8 75-3. 7-4. -5. -6. -7.

h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour 5 Figure 11.

Period CC Start (2577) 764 m.a.s.l. 37 39 5.3 N 128 41 5.24 E CC Middle (2559) 77 m.a.s.l. 37 39 36.

11 Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) CC Start Temp ( C) CC Middle Temp ( C) CC Start RH (%) CC Middle RH (%) h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour 5 Figure 11. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre Paralympic Period CC Start (2577) 764 m.a.s.l N E CC Middle (2559) 77 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 12. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre 11

Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 75 7 65 6. -1. -2. -3. -4. -5.

Temp ( C) CC Middle Temp ( C) CC Start RH (%) CC Middle RH (%) 55 5 45 4 Figure 13.

3 Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre Olympic Period JP (879) 851 m.a.s.l. 37 39 37.72 N 128 4 46.

a.s.l. JP Landing (2575) 785 m.a.s.l. Percentage frequency scale 1 2 3 (%) Wind speed range Calm.

12 Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour CC Start Temp ( C) CC Middle Temp ( C) CC Start RH (%) CC Middle RH (%) Figure 13. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre 4.3 Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre Olympic Period JP (879) 851 m.a.s.l N E K125 Start (2572) 884 m.a.s.l. K125 Jump (2555) 845 m.a.s.l. K98 Start (2573) 862 m.a.s.l. K98 Jump (2574) 831 m.a.s.l. JP Landing (2575) 785 m.a.s.l. Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 14. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre 12

13 Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Speed (m/s) K125 Start K125 Jump JP Landing K98 Start K98 Jump h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 15. Hourly average wind speed at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre K125 Start K125 Jump JP Landing K98 Start K98 Jump. h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 16. Hourly average tailwind speed at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre 13

14 Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Speed (m/s) K125 Start K125 Jump JP Landing K98 Start K98 Jump h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 17. Hourly average headwind speed at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre 5 4 K125 Start K125 Jump JP Landing K98 Start K98 Jump h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 18. Hourly average crosswind speed at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre 14

Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 4.4 Alpensia Sliding Centre Olympic Period Sliding Start Reference (2553) 959 m.a.s.l. 37 39 1.69 N 128 4 21.

Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Sliding Centre 1. 85. -1. -2. 8 75-3. 7-4. -5. -6. -7. SL Start Ref. Temp ( C) SL Finish Temp ( C) SL Start Ref.

15 Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) 4.4 Alpensia Sliding Centre Olympic Period Sliding Start Reference (2553) 959 m.a.s.l N E Sliding Finish (2554) 812 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 19. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Alpensia Sliding Centre SL Start Ref. Temp ( C) SL Finish Temp ( C) SL Start Ref. RH (%) SL Finish RH (%) h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour 5 Figure 2. Hourly average temperatures and relative humidity at the Alpensia Sliding Centre 15

Wind Speed (m/s) 4.5 Bokwang Snow Park Olympic Period Slopestyle Start (2588) 874 m.a.s.l. 37 34 27.

99 E Mogul Start (2582) 823 m.a.s.l. 37 34 38.62 N 128 19 21.16 E Slopestyle Finish (2583) 79 m.a.s.l. 37 34 45.

a.s.l. 37 35 3.59 N 128 19 19.34 E Percentage frequency scale 1 2 3 (%) Wind speed range Calm.

16 Wind Speed (m/s) 4.5 Bokwang Snow Park Olympic Period Slopestyle Start (2588) 874 m.a.s.l N E Taegisan Mt. (257) 1,4 m.a.s.l N E Mogul Start (2582) 823 m.a.s.l N E Slopestyle Finish (2583) 79 m.a.s.l N E Cross Start (258) 856 m.a.s.l Cross Finish (2581) 653 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 21 Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Bokwang Snow Park SS Start SS Finish Mogul Start Cross Start Cross Finish h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 22. Hourly average wind speed at the Bokwang Snow Park 16

Wind Speed (m/s) 4.6 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Olympic Period DH Start (2584) 1,37 m.a.s.l. 37 26 43.

2 E DH Middle (2586) 919 m.a.s.l. 37 27 26.76 N 128 36 6.58 E DH Finish (2587) 639 m.a.s.l. 37 27 57.

41 E Percentage frequency scale 1 2 3 (%) Wind speed range Calm.5 5 1 14 (m/s) Figure 23.

5 1..5 DH Start SG Start DH Middle DH Finish.

17 Wind Speed (m/s) 4.6 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Olympic Period DH Start (2584) 1,37 m.a.s.l N E SG Start (2585) 1,218 m.a.s.l N E DH Middle (2586) 919 m.a.s.l N E DH Finish (2587) 639 m.a.s.l N E Base (2571) 39 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 23. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre DH Start SG Start DH Middle DH Finish. h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 24. Hourly average wind speed at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre 17

Wind Speed (m/s) Paralympic Period DH Start (2584) 1,37 m.a.s.l. 37 26 43.5 N 128 35 56.12 E SG Start (2585) 1,218 m.

61 N 128 36 11.46 E Base (2571) 39 m.a.s.l. 37 28 24.12 N 128 36 51.

Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1.

18 Wind Speed (m/s) Paralympic Period DH Start (2584) 1,37 m.a.s.l N E SG Start (2585) 1,218 m.a.s.l N E DH Middle (2586) 919 m.a.s.l N E DH Finish (2587) 639 m.a.s.l N E Base (2571) 39 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 25. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre DH Start SG Start DH Middle DH Finish. h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 26. Hourly average wind speed at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre 18

Wind Speed (m/s) 4.7 Yongpyong Alpine Centre Olympic Period Balwangsan Mt. (2552) 1,441 m.a.s.l. 37 36 39.72 N 128 4 17.

97 E GS Middle II (2579) 1,18 m.a.s.l. 37 36 6.41 N 128 4 7.9 E GS Finish (2561) 975 m.a.s.l. 37 37 17.68 N 128 39 53.

Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Yongpyong Alpine Centre 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

19 Wind Speed (m/s) 4.7 Yongpyong Alpine Centre Olympic Period Balwangsan Mt. (2552) 1,441 m.a.s.l N E GS Start (256) 1,416 m.a.s.l N E GS Middle I (2578) 1,289 m.a.s.l N E GS Middle II (2579) 1,18 m.a.s.l N E GS Finish (2561) 975 m.a.s.l N E Percentage frequency scale (%) Wind speed range Calm (m/s) Figure 27. Locations of weather sensors and wind roses at the Yongpyong Alpine Centre GS Start GS Middle 1 GS Middle 2 GS Finish. h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Hour Figure 28. Hourly average wind speed at the Yongpyong Alpine Centre 19

20 Appendix I PyeongChang 218 Region Monthly Climate Normals 1. Mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong, ) Element Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean temperature ( ) Maximum temperature ( ) Minimum temperature ( ) Precipitation (mm) Duration of precipitation (hr) Evaporation (mm) Mean wind speed (m/s) Mean relative humidity (%) Mean vapor pressure (hpa) Duration of sunshine (hr) Total horizontal radiation (MJ/ m2 ) Duration of fog (hr) Cloud amount (1 percent) Sea level pressure (hpa) Grass min temperature ( ) Mean surface soil temperature ( ) Number of days with precipitation (>=.1mm) Number of days with precipitation (>=1.mm) Number of days with gales (>13.9 m/s) July 1971 to 6 November 26: N, E, m.a.s.l. 7 November 26 to now: N, E, m.a.s.l 2

21 2. Coastal cluster (Gangneung, ) Element Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean temperature ( ) Maximum temperature ( ) Minimum temperature ( ) Precipitation (mm) Duration of precipitation (hr) Evaporation (mm) Mean wind speed (m/s) Mean relative humidity (%) Mean vapor pressure (hpa) Duration of sunshine (hr) Total horizontal radiation (MJ/ m2 ) Duration of fog (hr) Cloud amount (1 percent) Sea level pressure (hpa) Grass min temperature ( ) Mean surface soil temperature ( ) Number of days with precipitation (.1mm) Number of days with precipitation ( 1.mm) Number of days with gales (>13.9 m/s) N, E, 26.4 m.a.s.l. 21

22 Appendix II. Olympic and Paralympic Periods Weather Averages Normals ( ) 1 years (28-217) Mountain cluster (Daegwallyeong) Element February Mean (Sum) 22 March Mean (Sum) TEMP MAX MIN Precip (36.7) (23.1) SNW (41.3) (18.6) WS RH TEMP MAX MIN Precip (24.8) (17.9) SNW (31.9) (1.1) WS RH TEMP MAX MIN Precip (7.2).4 (.4) SNW (1.4) ( ) WS RH TEMP: mean temperature ( ), MAX: max temperature ( ), MIN: min temperature ( ), Precip: precipitation (mm), SNW: snowfall (cm), WS: wind speed (m/s), RH: relative humidity (%)

23 2. Coastal cluster (Gangneung) Normals ( ) 1 years (28-217) Element February Mean (Sum) March Mean (Sum) TEMP MAX MIN Precip (38.2) (17.7) SNW (15.2) (3.5) WS RH TEMP MAX MIN Precip (35.6) (18.8) SNW* (33.6) (3.7) WS RH TEMP MAX MIN Precip 3.5 (3.5) 7.5 (7.5) SNW ( ) 1.5 (1.5) WS RH TEMP: mean temperature ( ), MAX: max temperature ( ), MIN: min temperature ( ), Precip: precipitation (mm), SNW: snowfall (cm), WS: wind speed (m/s), RH: relative humidity (%) *Snowfall data for are from Bukgangneung (4714) ( N, E, 78.9 m.a.s.l.). 23

24 Appendix III Olympic Period Snow Competition Venues Hourly Weather Averages Venue POINT EL h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Mean Alpensia Biathlon Centre Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre BT Start BT Middle CC Start CC Middle K125 Start K125 Jump JP Landing K98 Start TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS HEAD TAIL CROSS TEMP RH WS HEAD TAIL CROSS TEMP RH WS HEAD TAIL CROSS TEMP RH WS

25 Venue POINT EL h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Mean HEAD TAIL CROSS TEMP RH WS HEAD TAIL CROSS TEMP RH WS HEAD TAIL CROSS Alpensia Sliding Centre Bokwang Snow Park K98 Jump JP TEMP SL Start Ref. SL Finish SS Start* SS Finish Mogul Start Taegisa n Mt. Cross Start RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS

26 Venue POINT EL h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Mean TEMP RH WS Jeongseon Alpine Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Cross Finish DH Start* SG Start* DH Middle* DH Finish* Base BW Mt. GS Start GS Middle I GS Middle II GS Finish TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP: average temperature ( ), RH: relative humidity (%), WS: wind speed (m/s), HEAD: headwind speed (m/s), TAIL: tailwind speed (m/s), CROSS: crosswind speed (m/s) *Only data included 26

27 Appendix IV Paralympic Period Snow Competition Venues Hourly Weather Averages Venue POINT EL h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 1h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 2h 21h 22h 23h Mean Alpensia Biathlon Centre Alpensia Cross- Country Skiing Centre Jeongseon Alpine Centre BT Start BT Middle CC Start CC Middle DH Start* SG Start* DH Middle* DH Finish* Base TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP RH WS TEMP: average temperature ( ), RH: relative humidity (%), WS: wind speed (m/s) *Only data included 27

Design Criteria Data

OKLAHOMA CITY OK Latitude = 35.4 N WMO No. 72353 Longitude = 97.6 W Elevation = 133 feet Period of Record = 1973 to 1996 Average Pressure = 28.62 inches Hg Design Criteria Data Mean Coincident (Average)