Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Database Applications Using SSDs
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1 Seminar Energy-Efficient Databases Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Database Applications Using SSDs Felix Martin Schuhknecht
2 Motivation vs. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 2 / 37
3 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
4 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Positive: High Perfomance Low Power Consumption Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
5 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Positive: High Perfomance Low Power Consumption Negative: Small Capacity Very Expensive Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
6 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Positive: High Perfomance Low Power Consumption Negative: Small Capacity Very Expensive Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
7 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Positive: High Perfomance Low Power Consumption Negative: Small Capacity Very Expensive Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
8 Motivation Why Solid State Disks (SSDs)? Really? Positive: High Perfomance Low Power Consumption Negative: Small Capacity Very Expensive Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 3 / 37
9 Architecture: Flash versus Disk HDD SSD Cache YES NO Limited Write Endurance NO YES Block Size SMALL LARGE Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 4 / 37
10 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Block Size: HDD Block 4-64 KB SSD Block KB divided in fixed-size pages Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 5 / 37
11 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block update page 1101 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 6 / 37
12 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block update page 1101 Only transitions from 1 to 0 possible! Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 6 / 37
13 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 7 / 37
14 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block Block 2 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 7 / 37
15 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block Block 2 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 7 / 37
16 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Page Updates Block Block 2 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 7 / 37
17 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Write Endurance Number of allowed erase cycles > today Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 8 / 37
18 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Write Endurance Number of allowed erase cycles > today Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 8 / 37
19 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Write Endurance Number of allowed erase cycles > today Uniform Block Distribution needed! Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 8 / 37
20 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Problem: Write Endurance Number of allowed erase cycles > today Uniform Block Distribution needed! Flash Translation Layer (FTL) Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 8 / 37
21 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Flash Translation Layer Wear Leveling Guarded Secrets! Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 9 / 37
22 Architecture: Flash versus Disk Flash Translation Layer Wear Leveling Guarded Secrets! Problem: Hard to predict SSD Performance Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 9 / 37
23 Setup: Access Pattern Sequential Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Sorted Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 10 / 37
24 Setup: Access Pattern Sequential Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Sorted Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 10 / 37
25 Setup: Access Pattern Sequential Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Sorted Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 10 / 37
26 Setup: Access Pattern Sequential Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Random Sorted Access: Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 10 / 37
27 Access Time: Flash versus Disk HDD: td(b) tsio + tsavg + trev / 2 + b / Fd tsavg Average Seek Time trev F Rotational Delay Transfer Rate tsio CPU Overhead Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 11 / 37
28 Access Time: Flash versus Disk HDD: td(b) tsio + tsavg + trev / 2 + b / Fd SSD: tsavg Average Seek Time tf(b) tsio + b / Ff trev F Rotational Delay Transfer Rate tsio CPU Overhead Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 11 / 37
29 HDDs under Test Device Type Name Idle Power Watt Price $ / GB Capacity Rotation Speed Maxtor IDE HDD GB 7200 rpm WD SATA HDD GB rpm Fujitsu SAS HDD GB rpm Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 12 / 37
30 SSDs under Test Device Type Name Idle Power Watt Price $ / GB Capacity Rotation Speed SuperTalent SSD1 no info GB - Mtron SSD GB - Intel SSD GB - Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 13 / 37
31 Energy Cost: Flash versus Disk HDD % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 14 / 37
32 Energy Cost: Flash versus Disk SSD HDD % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 14 / 37
33 Random vs. Sequential Access Rule of Thumb (for HDDs): If > 2% of file accessed Read complete file! Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 15 / 37
34 Random vs. Sequentiell Access Time in sec % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 16 / 37
35 Random vs. Sequentiell Access Time in sec % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 16 / 37
36 Random vs. Sequentiell Access Time in sec % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 16 / 37
37 Random vs. Sequentiell Access Time in sec % of file read Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 16 / 37
38 Random vs. Sequentiell Access Rule of Thumb: Read complete file... HDD:... if > 2% of file accessed. SSD:... if > 83% of file accessed. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 17 / 37
39 Experiment: Power Consumption Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 18 / 37
40 Experiment: Power Consumption Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 18 / 37
41 Experiment: Power Consumption HDDs consume more power in all cases. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 18 / 37
42 Experiment: Power Consumption HDDs consume more power in all cases. Constant consumption for SSDs Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 18 / 37
43 Experiment: Power Consumption HDDs consume more power in all cases. Constant consumption for SSDs Read/Write has marginal impact Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 18 / 37
44 Experiment: Performance Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 19 / 37
45 Experiment: Performance Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 19 / 37
46 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 19 / 37
47 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Random read is worst case for HDDs. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 19 / 37
48 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Random read is worst case for HDDs. Sorting decreases this problem. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 19 / 37
49 Experiment: Performance Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 20 / 37
50 Experiment: Performance Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 20 / 37
51 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 20 / 37
52 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Random write problem for all, except of SSD3. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 20 / 37
53 Experiment: Performance Sequential performance comparable. Random write problem for all, except of SSD3. Sorting decreases this problem. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 20 / 37
54 Experiment: Energy Efficiency Read Write SSDs superior in ALL situations. SSDs superior in MOST situations. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 21 / 37
55 Drive Diversity Main factors for performance and power consumption: Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 22 / 37
56 Drive Diversity Main factors for performance and power consumption: Rotation Speed Capacity Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 22 / 37
57 Drive Diversity Main factors for performance and power consumption: Rotation Speed Capacity FTL Unknown, proprietary firmware Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 22 / 37
58 Drive Diversity Main factors for performance and power consumption: Rotation Speed Capacity FTL Unknown, proprietary firmware Hardware vs. Software Specification Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 22 / 37
59 Flash inside of a DBMS Till now: Direct I/O Mode pure file reading / writing Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 23 / 37
60 Flash inside of a DBMS Till now: Direct I/O Mode pure file reading / writing Next step: Integrate SSDs into DBMS index structures physical layout query types buffers / caches Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 23 / 37
61 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Stores tree-structured data Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 24 / 37
62 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Stores tree-structured data 1 bib 1.3 publication book book... year id type title author author Science DBMS Gehrke Ramakrishnan Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 24 / 37
63 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Stores tree-structured data SPLID (Stable Path Labeling IDentifier) 1 bib 1.3 publication book book... year id type title author author Science DBMS Gehrke Ramakrishnan Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 24 / 37
64 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Stores tree-structured data Path Synopsis PCRs (Path Class References) 1 bib 2 publication 3 book year 4 id 5 type 6 title 7 author 8 Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 25 / 37
65 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Physical representation Index 1 bib 1.3 publication book year id type Science title DBMS author Gehrke author Ramakr book Data SPLID Content Attribute Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 26 / 37
66 XTC DBMS XML DBMS: Storage Mappings Full Representation (full) previous slide Prefix-Compressed Representation (pc) 1 bib 1.3 publication bib 3 publication 3 Elementless Representation (eless) 1 bib 3 publication % 70% 65% of plain XML file Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 27 / 37
67 XTC DBMS - Optimizations Problem: DBMS and OS apply several optimizations. Good for Performance! Bad for Experiments! Caches, Buffers and Prefetching may disturb results. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 28 / 37
68 XTC DBMS - Optimizations Cache Hierarchy: Application User Level Page Cache VFS Inode Cache Kernel Level Directory Cache Kernel Cache HDD Device Cache SSD Device Storage Level Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 29 / 37
69 XTC DBMS - Optimizations Problem: Cold Buffers vs. Hot Buffers Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 30 / 37
70 XTC DBMS - Experiments Read performance: 1000 Transactions I/O bound CPU bound Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 31 / 37
71 XTC DBMS - Experiments Read performance: 1000 vs Transactions I/O bound Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 32 / 37
72 XTC DBMS - Experiments Read performance: 1000 vs Transactions Caching reduces HDD drawbacks! I/O bound Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 32 / 37
73 XTC DBMS - Experiments Write performance: 1000 Transactions 10% write 90% read 20% write 80% read 30% write 70% read I/O bound Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 33 / 37
74 XTC DBMS - Experiments Write performance: 1000 Transactions 10% write 90% read 20% write 80% read 30% write 70% read I/O bound Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 33 / 37
75 SSD vs. HDD - Results Main Problem: Papers from 2009/2010 Hardware even older Results are partially outdated Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 34 / 37
76 SSD vs. HDD - Results Old vs. New: Device Type Name Sequ. Read Sequ. Write Random Read Random Write Intel X25-M SSD3 250 MB/s 70 MB/s 35,000 pages/s 3,300 pages/s Intel 320 Series NEW 270 MB/s 165 MB/s 39,000 pages/s 21,000 pages/s Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 35 / 37
77 SSD vs. HDD - Results Conclusions: Today, high-end SSDs outperform HDDs in all cases. Performance Energy Efficiency Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 36 / 37
78 SSD vs. HDD - Results Conclusions: Today, high-end SSDs outperform HDDs in all cases. Performance Energy Efficiency Replace all HDDs with SSDs? Expensive! Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 36 / 37
79 SSD vs. HDD - Results Conclusions: Hybrid Systems: Integrate SSDs into existing environment. Storage awareness needed (SSD-aware buffer manager) Clever data distribution needed (e.g. Index on SSD). Remove unnecessary HDD opmizations (ListPrefetch). Exploit efficient Standby-Mode of SSDs. Energy-Efficiency Seminar Felix Martin Schuhknecht 37 / 37
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