Potential of combustion engine powertrains from an energy and environmental point of view with an focus of diesel technology

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1 Potential of combustion engine powertrains from an energy and environmental point of view with an focus of diesel technology ETH Zürich, 7. September 2017 INSTITUT FÜR KOLBENMASCHINEN Leiter Quelle: spiegel.de KIT Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

2 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

3 6 Media Coverage Newspaper articles with unilateral reporting Ferdinand Dudenhöffer ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

4 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

5 2 Fine dust / Particles Overall situation of Fine dust/pm 10 in Germany Quelle: Air quality in Europe 2016 report THAL16027ENN EEA Report: 73,400 premature deaths and 759,000 lost years of life due to fine dust in Germany? ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

Stuttgart, Abt. 36-4 b Quelle: Quelle: LUBW, Grafik: AfU Stuttgart, Abt.

6 2 Fine dust / Particles Time evolution of the immission situation of PM using an example of "Stuttgart-Neckartor" 1 Exceedance days Yearly averages Quelle: Quelle: LUBW, Grafik: AfU Stuttgart, Abt b Quelle: Quelle: LUBW, Grafik: AfU Stuttgart, Abt The PM 10 annual average of S-Neckartor is in the target! Only the Exceedance days are critical! ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

2 Fine dust / Particles Overall situation of Fine dust/pm 10 in Germany Road traffic Up/Down 31% 12,6 μg/m 3 PM 10 Large-scale

Industry <1% <1 μg/m 3 Road transport Up/Down 8% 3,2 μg/m 3 Local Totalload background 45% level 55% Industry, Commerce 1% 0,3 μg/m

Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden Württemberg; IFKM/KIT NO X Conference, Heidelberg, 01.

7 2 Fine dust / Particles Overall situation of Fine dust/pm 10 in Germany Road traffic Up/Down 31% 12,6 μg/m 3 PM 10 Large-scale background 28% 11,0 μg/m 3 Road transport Exhaust 6% 2,2 μg/m 3 Others 1% 0,5 μg/m 3 Small and middle furnances 7% 2,7 μg/m 3 Industry <1% <1 μg/m 3 Road transport Up/Down 8% 3,2 μg/m 3 Local Totalload background 45% level 55% Industry, Commerce 1% 0,3 μg/m 3 Small and middle furnances 15% 6,0 μg/m 3 Offroad, Biogenic, other 2% 0,9 μg/m 3 Road transport exhaust 1% 0,6 μg/m 3 Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden Württemberg; IFKM/KIT NO X Conference, Heidelberg, The combustion engines/diesel contribution to fine particulate matter is negligible! ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

de/servlet/is/242644/ A significant improvement in the particle immissions situation has been observed

8 2 Fine dust / Particles Production of PM 10 in Baden-Württemberg Yearly average 2010 (measured) Yearly average 2020 (sample calculation) Quelle: LUBW A significant improvement in the particle immissions situation has been observed for 30 years and is also characterized in the future ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

9 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

10 3 NO x Overall situation of NO 2 in Deutschland Quelle: Air quality in Europe 2016 report THAL16027ENN EEA Report: 10,610 premature deaths and 109,700 years of life lost due to NO 2 in Germany? ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

immission values are continuously improved.

11 3 NO x Time evolution of the immission situation of NO 2 using an example of "Stuttgart-Neckartor 1 Exceedance days Yearly averages b The immission values are continuously improved. The level at the hotspot is still too high! ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

3 NO x Nitrogen oxides in Germany Road traffic Large-scale 53% 47,3 μg/m 3 background NO

Industry <1% <1 μg/m 3 Local load level 59% Total- background level 41% Industry,

17,2 μg/m 3 Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur

2016 Quelle: LUBW 2014: 149 Measuring stations with NO 2 -limit values exceeded 2016: 62

12 3 NO x Nitrogen oxides in Germany Road traffic Large-scale 53% 47,3 μg/m 3 background NO 2 7% 6,0 μg/m 3 Small and middle furnances 10% 8,9 μg/m 3 Others, Offroad 2% 1,5 μg/m 3 Industry <1% <1 μg/m 3 Local load level 59% Total- background level 41% Industry, Offroad, Others 5% 4,9 μg/m 3 Small and middle furnances 4% 3,2 μg/m 3 Road transport 19% 17,2 μg/m 3 Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden Württemberg;, IFKM/KIT NO X Conference, Heidelberg, Quelle: LUBW 2014: 149 Measuring stations with NO 2 -limit values exceeded 2016: 62 Near road NO 2 -Immissions limit values exceeded significantly! ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

3 NO x First RDE Vehicle (EURO 6 d, temp ) AUDI Q7 3.

200 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC und SDPF High pressure-egr BWM

195 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC-NSK, DPF und SCR High- and low

143 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC und SDPF High- and low pressure

13 3 NO x First RDE Vehicle (EURO 6 d, temp ) AUDI Q7 3.0l V6 Power max. 200 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC und SDPF High pressure-egr BWM 730d 3.0l R6 Power max. 195 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC-NSK, DPF und SCR High- and low pressure EGR Mercedes-Benz E220d 2.0l R4 Power max. 143 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC und SDPF High- and low pressure EGR Volkswagen Tiguan 2.0l R4 Power max. 140 kw Exhaust aftertreatment DOC und SDPF High- and low pressure EGR ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

3 NO x Results Press workshop Sep. 2016 Fahrt/ Fzg.1 Fahrt/ Fzg.2 Fahrt/ Fzg.3 Fahrt/ Fzg.

14 3 NO x Results Press workshop Sep Fahrt/ Fzg.1 Fahrt/ Fzg.2 Fahrt/ Fzg.3 Fahrt/ Fzg.4 Pressefahrten IFKM- Fahrten Stau Typisches Fahren Aggressives Fahren Significantly lowering the NO x -limit in everyday driving. (For RDE EURO 6d temp 168mg/km allowed, at EURO 6d final 120mg/km) ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

3 NO x Production of NO 2 in Baden-Württemberg Yearly average2010 (measured) Yearly average2020 (sample calculation) Quelle: LUBW http://www4.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.

15 3 NO x Production of NO 2 in Baden-Württemberg Yearly average2010 (measured) Yearly average2020 (sample calculation) Quelle: LUBW A significant improvement in the NO 2 immission situation has been observed for 10 years and is also characterized in the future ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

16 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

17 4 Ozone Overall situation of Ozone in Germany Quelle: Air quality in Europe 2016 report THAL16027ENN EEA Report: 2,500 premature deaths and 27,200 years of life lost due to ozone in Germany? ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

18 4 Ozone Immission: NO 2 und Ozone Simplification: Photostationary equilibrium Not Rather: background City background Traffic station Near traffic Quelle: IFEU_et_al(2010)_NOx_NO2_Emission_BAWue Quelle: The ozone load is significantly lower on the main roads! Diesel exhaust gases (NO) "exchange" ozone against NO ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

de/servlet/is/242644/ The ozone situation is essentially defined by the geodetic altitude and

19 4 Ozone Production of Ozone in Baden-Württemberg Yearly average 2010 (measured) Yearly average 2020 (sample calculation) Quelle: LUBW The ozone situation is essentially defined by the geodetic altitude and hardly varies. There is a lower concentration in the cities ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

20 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

5 Mobility of the future Balance of Energy - Germany

1'500 1'000 500 0 2011 1179 3083 Gewinnung im Inland Import

Quelle: Daten Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB);

21 5 Mobility of the future Balance of Energy - Germany Energieaufkommen in TWh 4'500 4'000 3'500 3'000 2'500 2'000 1'500 1' Gewinnung im Inland Import Germany currently requires an import of energy! Quelle: Daten Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB); Fotos: nrn-forum.net; ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

22 5 Mobility of the future Balance of Energy - Germany Energieaufkommen in TWh 4'000 3'500 3'000 2'500 2'000 1'500 1' Erneuerbare Braunkohle Erdgas Andere Kernenergie Steinkohle Mineralöl 2431 Primärenergiebedarf Primärenergiebedarf Endenergiebedarf Endenergiebedarf Δ Δ bedingt durch : - nicht-energetischer Verbrauch - Umwandlungsverluste - Verbrauch Energiesektor Gewerbe Handel Industrie Verkehr Haushalte Quelle: Daten Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB) ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

23 5 Mobility of the future Energy and Powertrains for sustainable Mobility Regenerative refuels are important to reduce the CO 2 -impact of traffic! Source: Automotive Technology BMS Leonhard 5/24/ ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

5 Mobility of the future Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG reductions - not to exceed 2 C global warming An agreed target since UN Climate Change

24 5 Mobility of the future Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG reductions - not to exceed 2 C global warming An agreed target since UN Climate Change Summit, Copenhagen 2009! Source: Automotive Technology BMS Leonhard 5/24/ ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

5 Mobility of the future Transport emissions in/from Germany, wtw CO 2 Mobility Scenarios Efficiency measures and BEV alone are not sufficient! Low GHG intensity refuels are required!

25 5 Mobility of the future Transport emissions in/from Germany, wtw CO 2 Mobility Scenarios Efficiency measures and BEV alone are not sufficient! Low GHG intensity refuels are required! enhagen 2009! Source: : IFEU, Tremod 5.3, IEA (Navigation); Automotive Technology BMS Leonhard 5/24/ ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

26 Agenda 1 2 Introduction / Legislation Fine dust / Particles NO x / NO 2 Ozone Mobility of the Future Summary ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

27 6 Summary Conclusions! All immission issues are technically solved. There is no reason for a ban of internal combustion engine because of emissions. PM and NO x immission situation has been continuously improved for decades. With the RDE vehicles (EURO6 d, temp ), the last flank (NO x of diesel) is closed! The diesel NO x reduction was the biggest challenge! The average ozone concentration in cities is reduced by diesel exhaust! The diesel engine is much better than its reputation; the NO x reduction simply was THE Diesel Challenge. CO2-reduction has been the major challenge of the last years and will be the major challenge of the next decades. Different technical solutions will contribute to a significant reduction, especially the internal combustion engine in combination with refuels ETH Zürich The future of the internal combustion engine

Diesel engines on the pathway to low impact on local air quality in Europe

Diesel engines on the pathway to low impact on local air quality in Europe Dirk Bosteels International Conference ECT-2018 Pune, India 25-26 October 2018 Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC