Low Emission Zones in Germany

Transcription

1 Martin Lambrecht Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Federal Environment Agency Germany Section I 3.1 Environment and Transport 1

2 Outline 1. EU: Air Quality Targets 2. Implementation in Germany 3. Experiences in Berlin 2

3 EU Air Quality Targets Limit Values for the protection of human health Pollutant Averaging period Limit value* Date by which value is to be met NO 2 (Nitrogen dioxide) Low Emission Zones in Germany 1-hour 200 µg/m 3 not to be exceeded > 18 times a calendar year 1 January 2010 NO 2 Calendar year 40 µg/m 3 (21 ppb) 1 January 2010 PM 10 (Particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter) 24-hour 50 µg/m 3, not to be exceeded > 35 times a calendar year 1 January 2005 PM 10 Calendar year 40 µg/m 3 1 January 2005 PM 2.5 Calendar year 25 µg/m 3 1 January 2015 * Limit Value is legally binding on member states. 3

4 Air quality in Germany Air pollution markedly decreased in the last 20 years. European air quality limit values for sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, and lead no longer exceeded in Germany still excessive levels of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) pollution. Limit values for PM 10 and NO 2 are often exceeded in the immediate vicinity of urban roads. Daily averages for PM 10 were above the allowable limit at 42 % of stations near urban roads. The limit allows more than 50 µg/m 3 on no more than 35 days. NO 2 levels were above the allowable yearly average of 40 µg/m 3 at 57 % of stations near urban roads. Many German cities have recorded significant exceedances above the tolerated limit. 4

5 Outline 1. EU: Air Quality Targets 2. Implementation in Germany 3. Experiences in Berlin 5

6 What can cities and municipalities do? According to Community law, all EU Member States are required to set up clean air and action plans if air quality thresholds are exceeded. About 130 cities and municipalities in Germany adopted clean air and action plans. They consist of a mix of individual measures (e.g. in transport) to improve the air quality, e.g.: promotion of cycling, walking, and public transport, appropriate town planning to reduce need of travel, speed limits of 30 km/h on urban roads, parking space management, ban on heavy duty vehicles, designate low emission zones (LEZs) Currently there are 47 designated LEZs in Germany. Their purpose is to improve the air quality within these zones and thus protect public health. 6

7 What are Low Emission Zones? LEZs are areas/roads where the certain polluting vehicles are restricted from entering. They are often the most effective measure that cities can take to reduce air pollution problems. The emissions that are aimed to be reduced by LEZs are mainly fine particles, nitrogen dioxide and indirectly ozone. The website supported by the European Union, provides a single source of information on LEZs in Europe. Countries in Europe designating LEZs: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom 7

8 Low Emission Zones in Germany LEZ scheduled LEZ stage 1 ban on vehicles emission class 1 LEZ stage 2 ban on vehicles emission class 1+2 LEZ stage 3 ban on vehicles emission class

9 Low Emission Zones in Germany Emissions class Sticker No Sticker Requirement for diesel vehicles Euro 1 or worse Euro 2 or Euro 1 particulate filter Euro 3 or Euro 2 particulate filter Euro 4 or Euro 3 particulate filter Requirement for petrol vehicles Without a catalytic converter Euro 1 with catalytic converter or better Emissions classes and main rules can be used by cities for LEZs in Germany. The cities or regions then decide whether, where and when to implement a LEZ, and what sticker will be required. The stickers are valid for all LEZs in Germany. (35. Federal Immission Control Ordinance Marking Ordinance) 9

10 LEZ road sign according to national framework DE Euro 2 LEZ DE Euro 3 LEZ DE Euro 4 LEZ In the LEZ all vehicles must have a sticker including foreign vehicles. 10

11 Outline 1. The concept of LEZ in general 2. Implementation in Germany 3. Experiences in Berlin 11

12 Low Emission Zone in Berlin Abstract: introduced in two stages (2008, 2010), comprehending the central city area, area: 88 km 2 (Berlin total: 892 km 2 ), ~ 1 Mio. Residents (Berlin total: 3.4), defined by the urban railway ring , first stage: all vehicles without sticker are restricted from entering , second stage: only vehicles with green sticker are admitted 12

13 Source: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2013) 13

14 Feb 07 before LEZ Sep 08 Sep 09 Sep 10 Trend 10 without LEZ Feb 07 before LEZ Sep 08 Sep 09 Sep 10 Trend 10 without LEZ Feb 07 before LEZ Sep 08 Sep 09 Sep 10 Trend 10 without LEZ Feb 07 before LEZ Sep 08 Sep 09 Sep 10 Trend 10 without LEZ Low Emission Zones in Germany Impact on vehicle fleet composition Proportion of different pollutant groups (sticker colour) (from number plate recognition) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 3% 25% 34% 29% 36% 49% 40% 53% 62% 73% 75% 24% 91% 32% 36% 41% 29% 29% 23% 31% 28% 24% 37% 20% 15% 18% 10% 20% 27% 28% 6% 10% 6% 7% 0.1% 2% 4% 8% 7% 4% 1% 9% 22% 26% 52% 65% 58% 40% 32% 33% 21% 21% 22% 26% 17% 11% 11% 21% 4% 3% 32% 30% 50% 73% 45% 47% 39% 21% 19% 16% 10% 7% 5% 2% 5% 1% 5% 4 - green 3 - yellow 2 - red 1 - no sticker Diesel cars Diesel LGV HGV 3,5-7,5 t HGV > 7,5 Source: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2013) 14

15 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 HBEFA 2010 HBEFA 2012 UWZ 2010 UWZ 2012 g/m*a Low Emission Zones in Germany PM10 exhaust emissions: average vs. LEZ 700 PM10-Motor-Emissionen nach Fahrzeugkategorien LEZ: 41 % lower! SNF Rbus Lbus LNF PKW Alt Moabit Alt Biesdorf Frankfurter Allee Hauptstr. Mariendorfer Damm Schildhornstr. A100 Querschnitt / Flottenzusammensetzung Source: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2013) 15

16 NO x exhaust emissions: average vs. LEZ LEZ: 15 % lower! Source: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2013) 16

17 contribution to total PM2,5 in % cannot be controlled by LEZ Low Emission Zones in Germany Impact analysis: total PM10 reduction 100 can be controlled by LEZ * % 8 % 7 % 15 % 9 % decrease* resulting from the reduction of traffic emissions caused by the LEZ 7 % or ca. 2 µg/m³ less PM10 6 % 6 % 7 % 15 % 9 % black carbon from traffic in Berlin secondary particles from traffic NOx-emissions in Berlin re-suspension, abrasion from road traffic other sources in Berlin % 47 % traffic outside Berlin other sources outside Berlin 0 before LEZ 2007 LEZ 2010 * related to PM2,5-levels in a busy main road in Berlin s city centre in 2007 before the LEZ Source: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2013) 17

18 Résumeé: Impact of LEZ in Berlin Impact on vehicle fleet accelarated modernisation of vehicle fleet a high number of cars/trucks retrofitted with particulate filters Impact on air pollution -58 % or 173 t/yr Diesel particle emission reduction -20 % or 1517 t/yr NOx emission reduction PM10: annual mean -7 %, 10 exceedance days avoided NO 2 : annual mean -5 % 18

19 THANK YOU! Martin Lambrecht 19