Production of Ultra Low Sulfur Biodiesel From Waste Frying Oils and Its Mechanical Testing

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1 Producion of Ulra Low Sulfur Biodiesel From Wase Frying Oils and Is Mechanical Tesing Sadeq Emeish Al-Balqa' Applied Universiy Faculy of Engineering Technology Deparmen of Chemical Engineering Aiman Al-Alawin Al-Balqa' Applied Universiy Faculy of Engineering Tech. Deparmen of Mechanical Eng. Absrac The climae changes occurring due o increased carbon dioxide emissions and global warming, increasing air polluion and rapid depleion of convenional fossil fuels resources and he rising in heir prices are he major problems in now a day. There are many projecs under sudy such as solar power, wind power, nuclear power, oil shale, and biodiesel. Bio fuels are receiving increasing aenion during he las few years. Biodiesel was prepared from wase frying oils (WFO s) by ranseserificaion reacion in he presence of ehoxide caalys, which is prepared by heaing ehanol and poassium hydroxide a 60 C, and hen added o he oil where he reacion will occur inside he reacor wih uniform mixing. The produced biodiesel was purified by kaolin, and he by-produc during ranseserificaion process was glycerine, which may be used in several indusries such as cosmeics. A diesel engine performance ess using he produced biodiesel before and afer purificaion were carried ou. Torque, work and brake power were measured in addiion o he hermal efficiency which was calculaed from he measured variables. Purified biodiesel can be used as an alernaive source for peroleum diesel, where i has good specificaions such as high ceane number, ulra low sulphur conen, good viscosiy, high ne and gross energy and high hermal efficiency. So i can be used in he diesel engines wihou any modificaions for hose engines, and wihou polluion problems. Keywords Biodiesel, Eserificaion, Wase Frying Oils, Ehoxide caalys, Kaolin. 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1Definiion: The American sociey for esing and maerials (ASTM), define biodiesel fuel as amonoalkyl eser of a long chain fay acids derived from a renewable lipid feed sock such as vegeable oil or animal fa. A mono alkly eser is he produc of he reacion of sraigh chain alcohol, such as mehanol or alcohol, wih fa or oil (riglyceride) o form glycerol and he eser of long chain fay acid. Bio represen is renewable and biological source in conras o radiional peroleum_based diesel fuel; Diesel refers o is use in diesel engine. Fay acid alkly eser (FAAE) can be used as biodiesel fuel or can be used as an addiive or exender o diesel fuel [1], [2], [3]. 1.2 Descripion Biodiesel is ligh o dark yellow liquid. I is pracically immiscible wih waer, has a high boiling poin and low vapor pressure. Typically ehyl eser biodiesel has a flash poin of ~ 144 oc, making i raher non-flammable. Biodiesel has a densiy of ~ g/cm3, less han of waer. Biodiesel unconaminaed wih saring maerial can be regarded as non-oxic. I can be used as an addiive in formulaions of diesel o increase he lubriciy of pure Ulra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel. Much of he world uses a sysem known as he "B" facor o sae he amoun of biodiesel in any fuel mix. For example, fuel conaining 20% biodiesel is labeled B20. Pure biodiesel is referred o as B100. [4], [5], [6], [7]. 1.3 Eserificaion and Transesrificaion: Vegeable oils are no suiable direc replacemen for diesel fuel engines due o heir in appropriae physical properies such as longer molecular chains, lower pour poins, lower vapor pressures, higher viscosiies and higher flash poin. These characerisics lead o problems in aomizaion an vapor air mixing which in is role causes incomplee combusion. However, physical properies of vegeable oil can be improved hrough diluion, pyrolysis, micro emulsion and eserificaion [7a] Eserificaion is he general name for a chemical reacion in which wo chemicals (ypically an alcohol and acid) form an eser as he reacion produc. These are commonly used as fragrance or flavor agens. The name eser is derived from he German Essig-Äher, JMESTN

2 an old name for aceic acid ehyl eser (ehyl aceae). [8,], [9], [10],[11].. Biodiesel and is blends wih convenional diesel are environmen friendly and heir use in diesel engine resuls in reduced exhaus polluans as compared o convenional diesel fuel. As a resul, biodiesel produces 78% less CO2 ha diesel fuel. [12], [13], [14]. [15], [15a]. [15b], [15c]. 2. PURIFICATION BY ADSORPTION Using of adsorpion echnique insead of washing by waer as a purificaion sep will be more effecive. According o he experimens, a high quaniy of waer sill dissolved in he biodiesel afer he purificaion sep, which needs o be disilled again, so, adsorpion will be more valuable. The major ypes of adsorbens now days: a) Kaolin b) Magnesium Silicae, (Mg (SiO) 2). Kaolin is cheaper han (Mg (SiO) 2) and available in Jordan wih high qualiy. [16] 2.1 Kaolin A mehod of purifying a biodiesel fuel is by conacing wih an adsorben maerial such as kaolin. This mehod removes impuriies, such as: a) Soap b) Colors c) Odors d) unreaced caalys e) Glycerides f) sulfur g) Ligh fracions. Kaolin is whie firing naural clay, which in is beneficial condiion, is made up chiefly of minerals of he kaolin ype. Kaolin clay is naurally occurring sof whie clay. Also know as china clay, he name kaolin is derived from he Chinese word kaolin, which means "high ridge", and was he name of he hill where i was firs discovered. Two minerals comprise he bulk of maerial found in kaolin, and hey are: Kaolinie, dickie. Fig. (2.2) Differen view (001 plane) of kaolin 2.2 Fuel propery measuremens Many fuel properies may be measured using differen equipmens in order o deermine he produced biodiesel specificaions and o compare i wih he sandard values given by he ASTM. These properies are he followings: 1) Specific graviy 2) Kinemaic viscosiy 3) Flash poin 4) Boiling poin (Disillaion es) 5) Ceane number 6) Cloud poin 7) Pour poin 8) Heaing values (gross & ne) 3.METHODOLOGY 3.1 Experimenal Fig. (2.1) Hydrogen's are colored in whie, oxygen's in red (kaolin) Filraion Fig. (3.1) Biodiesel process A firs i's preferable o remove any food paricles from wase frying oil (WFO), by warming i up, and passing i hrough filer paper Removing of waer Wase oil probably conain waer, which can slow down he reacion and cause saponificaion, so ha waer was removed from he oil by raising he oil emperaure o 100oC, o any waer o boil off, hen i was mixed i o avoid seam pockes forming below he oil Tiraion Wase oil needs more caalys han new oil o neuralize he free fay acids (FFAs) formed in JMESTN

3 cooking oil, which inerfere wih ranseserificaion process. Oil mus be iraed o deermine he FFA conen and how much caalys will be required o neuralize i. Fig. (3.2) shows he biodiesel pilo plan. Fig. (3.2} Pilo plan 3.3 Procedure In his work, he oil used was free of any solid paricles, and he FFA's conens was accepable, so ha here was no needs o filer or irae i, and i was sared direcly using he previous pilo plan (Fig. 3.2) for producing biodiesel, as follows: 1000ml(1Li) of WFO was measured and hen heaed i o reach 60. The caalys ehoxide was prepared by: aking 8g of KOH (caalys ),-dissolved i in 5Li ehanol (96%con). The ehoxide was mixed and heaed o 60, in order o ensure ha he whole amoun of caalys is oally dissolved. Then ehoxide was added (gradually) o he oil, and mixed under he emperaure range (55 o 65), and a uniform speed of 55rpm. The mixing processes mus go on for one hour. As he mixing was finished, he formaion of wo layers was noed, and he mixure was lef for 10 hour s a leas o allow layers separaion. Afer ha and by using a separaory funnel he mixure was separaed and he volume of each layer was measured Then he experimen was repeaed for several imes, in each rial he volume of each layer was measured. The upper layer, which was a mixure of glycerin and excess ehanol, was disilled using a simple disillaion column o ge pure ehanol as a recycle sream. And he lower layer was he biodiesel, which mus be purified o ge he final produc. 3.4 Biodiesel purificaion A lo of impuriies may be conained in he biodiesel, such as, excess ehanol, residual lye, free glycerin, and oher conaminans. These residuals mus be removed. -The common way used for his purpose is washing wih waer, where a small amoun of aceic acid is added before adding he waer. he aceic acid brings he ph of he soluion closer o neural, because i neuralizes and drops ou any lye suspended in biodiesel. This process migh be repeaed wo or hree imes.-anoher way used, is bubble washing, his process needs longer ime, bu uses less waer. I was found ha s is very effecive, giving a clean, polished produc. The bubbles are formed by compressed air, passing hrough an air sone, he air sones sink o he boom of he ank. When you swich on he aeraor, he air bubbles rise hrough he biodiesel, carrying a film of waer which washes he biodiesel as i passes hrough. In he experimens which were carried ou, anoher purificaion process was ried, using kaolin as adsorbens, where he kaolin was crushed and screened a differen mesh numbers (65, 100, 150), and he amoun of kaolin used was (1.1Kg). So (2.5L) of biodiesel was conaced wih kaolin, hen 2Li purified biodiesel as a final produc was obained. The reacion was carried ou a he following condiions: Temp. = 55. Mixing speed = 60 rpm. Mixing duraion = 1 hr. Seling duraion = 10 hr. The performance ess for a diesel engine using he produced biodiesel before and afer purificaion were carried ou in one of he laboraories of he faculy of engineering echnology a Al-Balqa Applied Universiy. 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1: experimenal daa for he producion of biodiesel. Tes NO Vol.of Oil (Li) Weigh of KOH Vol. Of ehanol (Li) Vol.of Biodiesel (Li) Vol.of Vol.of ehanol glycerin (Li) (Li) JMESTN

4 Torque(N.m) Table 2: experimenal daa for disillaion glycerin ehanol mixure. Tes No. Vol.of mixure Vol.of glycerin Vol.of ehanol (l) (l) (l) Table 3 : comparison daa for he peroleum diesel, ohers biodiesel,& he produced biodiesel. Peroleum Ohers Tes Produced biodiesel diesel biodiesel 15 o C (g\ml) Disillaion: ( o C) Iniial boiling poin Before purificaion Afer purificaion % of volume dis % % % % % % % % % % Final poin >370 >370 Recovery %vol Residue %vol Specific graviy N (rpm) Table 4 : Mechanical ess for biodiesel a. Before purificaion: Tou F Tin (N) P mh 2O Tex V vol I (amp) (s) mw Torque T=F*0.22 (N.m) Work W=2* *N/ 60(J) Brake power=tor que*w (Wa) N (rpm) b. Afer purificaion: F (N) Tin Tou P mm H2 O Tex ºC V (vol ) I (am p) (s) mw Torque T=F* (N.M) Work W=2* * N/60(J) Brake power=tor que*w Thermal efficiency Chars: a. before purificaion: o C (cs) 1.3 o Toal sulfur %w Fig.( 4.1)The relaion beween orque and of he moor. Pour poin ( o C) -35 o Cloud poin ( o C) -15 o Gross (Kcal/Kg) Ne (Kcal/Kg) Flash poin ( o C) 60 o As can be seen from Figure 4.1, as he of he moor increases he orque of he moor increases. Ceane number 40 o o JMESTN

5 Brake power Toruq(N.m) THERMAL EFFICIENCY Brake power Figure 4.4 The relaion beween brake power and afer purificaion. N & THERMAL EFFICIENCY BIODIESEL BEFORE KAOLIN PURE DIESEL 0.25 (rpm). Figure 4.2 The relaion beween brake power and N (R.P.M) As can be seen from Figure 4.2 as he of he moor increases he brake power increases linearly. Afer purificaion: Fig. 4.3 The relaion beween Torque and of he moor afer purificaion Fig. 4.5 The relaion beween and hermal efficiency afer purificaion. As can been seen from he figure 4.5 he hermal efficiency of biodiesel afer purificaion was higher han ha of peroleum diesel wih abou 20% and his may be due o he relaively higher calorific value of he produced biodiesel. Discussion: From he previous secion i was noiced ha Kaolin purificaion has no effec on he orque and brake power yielded by he engine. As can be seen from he previous figures he relaion beween and orque,and and brake power where idenical before and afer kaolin purificaion. Bu from able 3 afer purificaion he sulfur conen in biodiesel was decreased from 140 ppm o 60ppm, which is very much lower han he sulfur conen in he peroleum diesel (less han 1% compared wih diesel fuel), which was 10000ppm, his means ha he produced biodiesel was wih ulra low sulfur conen. On he oher hand he gross and ne energies of he produced biodiesel were higher han ha of peroleum diesel. The produced biodiesel has 14% more ne energy compared wih peroleum diesel. The produced biodiesel has 19.5% more gross energy compared o peroleum diesel. JMESTN

6 As can been seen from figure 4.5 he hermal efficiency of biodiesel afer purificaion was higher han ha for peroleum diesel wih abou 20%. On he oher hand he viscosiy of he produced biodiesel was increased from (5.2 cs) before purificaion o (5.5 cs) afer purificaion, which will reflec iself in less biodiesel consumpion in he engine. 5.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions: 1. I can be said ha he produced biodiesel has 20% more gross energy han peroleum diesel, and 14% more ne energy. 2. Ulra low sulfur biodiesel was produced. 3. The benefis of he purificaion of biodiesel are o decrease he sulfur conen, increase he viscosiy, and o decrease he polluans in he emissions o he amosphere. 4. Thermal efficiency of biodiesel a 1200, 1500(rpm) was 22.5% more han he hermal efficiency of peroleum diesel. 5.2 Recommendaions: ACKNOWLEDGMENT: 1. Using high frequency magneic impulse caviaions and nanoechnology o produce biodiesel. 2. Design and build up of a mobile biodiesel pilo plan. Many hanks for he echnical people in he mechanical engineering deparmen a faculy of engineering echnology who assised performing he moor experimens wih paience and skill. REFERENCES [1] hp:// ul.shm (available on July 2014) [2] hp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biodiesel producion(available on 24/4/07). [3] hp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eserificaion(availabe on 24/4/07). [4] hp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transeserificaion(avail able on 24/4/07). [5] Bioprocess Engineering Basic Conceps, 2 nd ediion, for Michael L. Shuler & Fikre Kargi [6] J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, and R. pruszlco, low sae universiy, D.Clemens, Renewable produc developmen laboraory, G. khoe. USDA/NCAUR, Biodiesel Analyical mehods, Aug Jaun [7] Graduaion projec. June _2006 (Producion of biodiesel from wase frying oils).al-balqa' Applied Universiy. [7a] T. Pushparay, and S. Ramabalan. Influence of CNSL biodiesel wih ehanol addiives on diesel engine performance and exhaus emissions. In. Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol. 3, issue (2) (2012), pages: [8] hp:// able on 29/10/07). [9] hp:// on 29/10/07). [10] hp:// ml (available on 2/11/07). [11] hp:// on 7/9/07). [12] Mielbach, M., remschmid, C., biodiesel handbook, 1s ediion, 2004, Ausria. [13] hp:// producion/ Ulra- and high shear in-line reacors.hml(available on 20/12/07). [14] hp//: Technology.hml(available on 20/10/07). [15] hp:// on 20/7/07). [15a] A.N. Shah,, G. E. Yun-Shan, He. Chao, and A. H. Baluch. Effec of biodiesel on he performance and combusion parameers of a urbocharged compression Igniion Engine. Pak. Journal Engineering and Applicaion science, Vol. (4) (2009). Pages: [15b] A. Siha, A. Kumar, and S. Mahla. Uilizaion of argemone oil biodiesel in commercial DI-CI engines. In. J. Of Emerging Tecnologies Vol. 3, (2). (2012). Pages: [15c] M. Eswarn. Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by varying injecion iming using musard oil myhyl eser. Global Journal of Engineering science and researches. Vol 1 (8) (2014). [16] Borini eal, Kaolin projec, Al-Balqa Applied Universiy, JMESTN