Francis Darwin. A PHRENOLOGICAL STUDY. FKANCIS DAIUVIN.

Transcription

1 Francis Darwin. A PHRENOLOGICAL STUDY. 287 BY FKANCIS DAIUVIN. TN the Spring of 1917 I was strtich by the fact that Ranunculus -*- Ficaria ditl not flower until April 1st, whereas the average date accordinjj to Blomefieki' is February 28th: the earliest recorded date being January 21st, and the latest March 28th.^ It seemed worth while to follow up the observation and the following pages give a record of the flowering dates of the commoner plants near Brookthorpe, Gloucestershire, for the years 1917, 1918 and have only recorded one of the elements which make up the environment and which may influence the date of flowering: namely the temperatures. These are taken from the Weekly Weather Report of the Meteorological Office : and I have taken the temperatures at Clifton as probably givinjf those for the neighbourhood of Gloucester with fair accuracy. I have not only given the actual temperatures, but what is more important: the weekly " deviations from the normal." TABLE 1. Clifton, Week ending Mean Temp. "F. Deviation troni Normal. Week ending Mean Temp. "F. Deviation froin Normal H 9 10 U IS Jan. _^ Feb. ^_ Mar. Apr Jutie !t ,, 30*,, 31 Aug. 32,, 33 34,, 35 Sept , 39,, 40 Oct. 41., 42 43,, 44 Nov. 45,, 46,, 47,, 48 Dec. 4!t,, 50,, 51,, 52,, K ' H I.O Hereford. ' A Naturalist's Calendar by Leonard Blomefield (formerly Jenyns), edited by Francis Darwin, Cambridge University Prnss, My results for 1917 were published in the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol.. Pt. i, 1918.

2 288 Francis Darwin. TABI.B 2. CLIFTON, Week ending. Mean Temp. "F. Deviation Normal. Week ending Mean Temp.»F. Deviation from Normal Jan , Feb , 16., 23 Mar Apr. 6,, 13,, 20,, 27 4., II 18,, 25 June 1 8,, 15,, 22,, « i) ;s * 29*,, 30,, 31 Aug Sept. 37,, 38,, Oct. 41,, Nov Dec. 50,, 51 52,, * * Hereford. TABLE 3. CLIFTON, Week ending. Mean Temp. F. Deviation from Normal. Week ending. Mean Temp.»F. Deviation from Normal. 1 Jan. 4 2., Feb Mar ,, ,, Apr. 5 15,, M June ,, ,, Aug Sept Oct (io f

3 A Phcenological Study Of the 16 weeks up to April 21st, 1917 (No. 26 in 1919 curve), only three showed a temperature ahove the normal, and all the 1917 plants were markedly later than the corresponding species for 1919, and still more markedly later than It will be noted that the Spring temperatures for 1919 are below normal, and on the whole only slightly above those of 1917; so that the lateness of the Sprin)> fiowers in 1917 in comparison with 1919 seems hardly explicable by temperature difference. Between the flowering dates of 1917 and 1918 the difference is much more striking. This is clearly shown on the curves. That for 1917 (x) running through April and, while the 1918 (-)-) record shows the same species flowering in January, February and March, and one in April. Here the differences between the flowering dates agree with the differences between the 1917 and 1918 temperatures. The 1919 curve (') shows a fewfloweringsin January, none in February, a few in March, and a considerahle number of April readings. In fact a general inspection of the 1919 curve from January to the end of April shows clearly that it is intermediate between the curve of 1918, in which the flowerings are (on the whole) early, and that of But it must be repeated that the di Ference in temperature between the Spring of 1919 and that of 1917 i«not nearly as ohvious as is the difference in flowering dates. The readings of 1917 are obviously late, and not till No. 42 {Acer Pseudoplatauus) do we find a case in which the flowering date ( 9) is the same as that for And not till No. 51 [Ajuga reptans) is the 1917 date earlier than in This is only a temporary difference, and the 1917 readings are equal to, or more commonly later, than 1919 dates up to No. 73 (Vicia sativa). 23. Taking the later 1919 readings in, fiom No. 75 to No. 95, we find the 1917 readings still markedly later than in One plant. No. 76 {Asperulaodorata), flowers earlier in 1917, and two or three are synchronous with But the general result is: the 1919 plants flowering near the end of, and 1917 scattered through June; and this in spite of the temperature of 1917 being above the normal from the end of April to nearly the end of June. In the same way the 1917 dates for the plants flowering early in June, 1919, are on the whole later.' From No. 130 to 149 the cases in which the 1917 flowerings are earlier than, or equal to, those of 1919 become more frequent, «.g.. 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, which are all equal to the 1919 Except for Nos. 101, 109, 120, 125, 129, 130. U

4 290 Francis Darwin. readings, while Nos. 147, 148, 149, of 1917 are earlier than the 1919 readings. And for the 23 weeks ending June 9th, 1917, and also for the 24th and 25th weeks, the 1917 temperatures are markedly higher than the corresponding weeks in The general result for 1917 from No. 150 to the end of the curve is that the flowerings are somewhat later than in 1919, but afterwards become equal to or earlier than the readings for the last named year. And this in spite of the cold weather in 1917 from June 30th to 14th With regard to 1918 the general impression is that for Nos. 1 to 5, inclusive, the 1919 flowerings are earlier than those of And the 1918 temperature deviations for the first three weeks of the year are 5-6,' 2-5, 01; the same period for 1919 showing + deviations. But from No. 6 onwards the 1918 flowerings are clearly earlier than those of And the 1919 temperatures from the week ending January 25, to that ending February 15, are markedly below normal, the corresponding temperatures for 1918 being strikingly above the average. The higher temperature for 1918 (except for a fortnight of normal temperatures, or slightly below normal, in March) continued until the middle of April, the corresponding temperatures for 1919 being markedly lower. The flowering dates for, 1918, are only slightly earlier than in 1919, while the corresponding temperatures are roughly identical. The 1918 flowerings in the middle of June are later than those of the same plants in 1919, when the 1918 temperatures are below, and those of 1919 above, normal. The 1918 plants flowering towards the end of June are on the whole later than those of 1919, but this does not seem explicable as a result of temperature. In the middle and end of occurs a period when the 1918 plants flowered earlier than those of The temperatures were at this period often below the normal in 1918 and in 1919, though more strikingly so in It is unnecessary to enter into detail on the 1919 flowerings, which are intermediate between those of 1917 and But since, in the graphic representation of the dates of flowering, the continuous line of the 1919 flowerings serves as a standard of comparisons with the scattered readings of 1917 and 1918, I have thought it best to give some details which are not given for the > That is as above explained 5-6 below normal.

5 A PhcBiiological Sfudy. 291 other years. I have compared the flowering dates of 100 plants in 1919 (some at the beginning of the year and others in the summer) with Blomefield's dates for these species. In the early part of the year, out of 45 dates, 15 are earlier and 30 are later than Blomefield's dates. Of the 55 readings from June onwards 33 are earlier, and 22 later than Blomefleld's. Thus out of 100 readings 48 of my flowerings are earlier than his, and 52 are later. In other words my results for 1919 are broadly speaking the same as Blomefield's. Alphabetical List of Plants whose first flowering is recorded in the following charts. The numbers refer to the order in which the species appear in the charts (pp ). The date of flowering in each of the three years, 1917, 1918, 1919 is also given. No. Species. Date of first flowering a June 2K 19 Mar. 16 April June 62 June June 27 June Acer campestre... Pseudo-Platanus Achillea millefolium Adoxa moschatellina.legopodium podagraria... JEithusa cynapium Agrimonia Eupatoria Agropyrum caninum repens Agrostis alba Ajuga reptans Alchemilla vulgaris Alisma Plantago... Alliaria osicinalis Allium ursinum... Alnus glutinosa ^ Alopecurus pratensis Anagallis arvensis Anemone nemorosa Angelica syivestris Anthemis arvensis Anthoxanthum odoratum Anthriscus cerefolium Anthyllis vulneraria Apium nodiflorum Arctium Lappa... Arrhenatherum avenaceum Arum maculatum Asperula cynanchica,, odorata... Avena pratensis....' lc April 28 April 8 10 Feb Mar. 26 June ,, April 10 31,, June 30 14,, 20 June 8 April 28 June June 2

6 j 292 Francis Darwin. >] >. Species. Date of 6rst flowering. 1917, U Mav Jan Aug Junt 87 Barbarea vulgaris 191 Bartsia Otlontites!T 1^ S Bellis perennis April 4 Jan Bi'achypodium pinnatum June 2i US Briza media June II,, G 81 Broinus arvensis ,, asper... 16,, erectus June ,, giganteus li Broinus racemosus* Bryonia dioica,7 June 9,, Bunium (Conopodium; flexuosutn...,, IS 202 Butomus umbellatus H3 Caiamintha Clinopodium 6 S 21 Caltha palustris April 22 Campanula Kloinerata Aug. 21 June 19 I8»,, rotundifotia ,, trachelium 17,, Cardaminc amara 10,, hirsuta 17,, pratensis 2 Mar. 17 Carduus acanthoides acaulis 7,, 8 16»., arvensis June 27 June lanceolatus ,. palustris June U Carex pendula ^ 22,, Carlina vulgaris, Caucalis Anthriscus Centaurea nigra June 17 June 6 U2 Scabiosa 21 June Cerastium vulgatum Choerophyllum sylvestre. 18 April 16 (Anthriscus sylvestris) 97 Chcerophyltum temulum Chenopodium ficifolium 89 Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum Chrysosplenium oppositifolium... Mar Circcea lutetiana June 26 June Clematis vitalba Convolvulus arvensis.. June 18,, sepium, 27,. U 129 Cornus saii^uinea,, 6 June 2 8 Coi-ylus Avellana... Jan. 2H 67 Cratcegus Oxyacantha 18 1 Cynosurus cristatus June Uactylis glomerata... June 10,, Daucus Carota U * Digraphis arundinacea...,, Epilobium hirsutum,, montanum June parviflorum June 30 Erigeron acris Aug Buonymus europceus... June Eupatorium cannabinum Aug Euphrasia ofrcinalis Festuca ovina 16 Pragaria vesca April 21 Mar Fraxinus excelsior? April 14 Galeopsis Tetrahit Galium aparine June ,v mollugo,. 13 ' A form of B. arvtiuis, * see also 134. April Mar. April June June Aug. June tt June April June June June Mar. June June June June 27 U H S S * U IS a ^ 28 June 10 April1 6 It 21 2fi 20

7 No Ida S a « A Phonological Study. Species. Date of first flowering I»I Galium verum......,, 21 June 2!*,, 21 Genista tinctoria,, 14 11,, U Gentisma Amarelta... Aug. 20 Aug. 28 Geranium dissectum June 22,, pratense ,, 25,, robertianum Geum urbanum,, 2H ' H,, 21 Habenaria viridis Aug. II 28 Helianthemum vutgaie June 12 June <t June 2 Heracelum Sphondyiium ti 20 Hieraclum Piloselia June 10 June 2 Holcuslaurtus June 19 Hordeum pratense.. i,, 22 Hypericum hirsutum June 27 June 2«.-,, 23 perfbratum 9,, quadrangulum......,, 14 6 Hypochzris radicata » Inula Conysa Aug Dysenterica 2&,, 23 Iris Pseudacorus 30 Lactuca muralis..... June 23 Lamium album 10 Feb. le April 16' Galeobdolon II April 10 10,, maculatum << 2,, purpureum... April 17 Jan 22 Jan. 1 (Dec. 19) Lapsana communis June 18 June 16 June 20 Latbyrus pratensis,, 8,, Leoatodon hispidus... 3E Ligustrum vulgare June 6 Linaria CymbaUria... June IH Linum catbarticum,, 8,, 25 June 6 Listera ovata,, 12 Lolium italicum June 13,, perenne,, 10 June 7' Lonicera Penceymenum..... June 21 Lotus corniculatus Luzula campestris^ Mar. 25 4?.-. April 15 Lychnis diurna.... April 28 S Floscuculi ,, vespertina,, 29 June 8 Lysimachia oummularia Malva moschata June 21 June 2b June 21 sylvestris Matricaria Cbamomilla.. June , 22 Medicago sativa Melica uniflora 24 Mentha aquatica Aug 8 Aug. 12 arvensis... Ju'j 26 Mercuriaiis perennis Peb. 4 Mar. 14 Milium effusum 27 Myosotis arvensis 12 Nasturtium oebcinale Nepeta Glecboma > 2 Mar. 21 April 12 CEnantbe crocata... June It! June 19 Onobrychis sativa 3 June 6,, 2 Ononis aryensis,i 1 Ju'y» Ju'y 24,, spinosa > 4 Opbrys apifera U 16 Orcbis latifolia June 25 24,. maculata., H.. 24 June 2 Date of main flowering: a few plants flowered in Dec See No. 2. ' See also No. 131, full Bower June 13, 1919.

8 294 Francis Darwin. No. 9H ' HI » Date of first flowering Orchis niascula ,, 4 niorio,, pyramidalis June 21 June 13 June 22 Origiinum vul}»aie Oxalis Acetosella Mar. 16 April 22 Papavei- Khoeas June 21 2 June 21 I'-arietana officinalis 12,, 6 14 Paris quadiifolia April 27 3 Pastiiiaca sativa 7 18 Pedicularis sylvatica Phleum pratense June 29 Plantago Fanceolata 12 April ,,' major June 20 media June 6 22,, 2 Poa (Glyceria) fiuitans > 30,, 5,, trivialis June 8 Polygala vulgaris June Polygonum aviculare Bistorta June 8 Potentilla anserina 27 June 4,, reptans June 18 June 13,, 10 Toimentilea,, Poterium Sanguisorba cf June 8 17,, 22 d Primula acaulis Mar. 24 April 9 Prunella vulgaris June 19 Pruiius communis 3,, 23 April 23 Pyrus aucuparia Quercus Robur April 30 Ranunculus acris ,, aquatilis ,, arvensis June 3 Jnne 24,, aurrcomus (f. depauperatus) 10 April bulbosus 13,, 28,, 11 Ficaria April 1 Feb. 10 Mar. 13 repens sceleratus June 20 Reseda luteoia 27 June 26 Rhinanthus Crista-Galli 31 20,, 5 Rosa sp June 11,, 21,, arvensis canina June 6 Rubuscoesius , fiuticosus June 22 June 24 10,, ' June 7 Rumex acetosaj V crispus var. elongatus June 27,, obtusifolius June ,, cinerea var. aquatica J April 19 April 7 j April 17 Sambucus nigra ?june Sanicula europoea ,, 16,, 28 Scabiosa arvensis June 25 Columbaria, ,, succisa Aug. 17 Scilla nutans 11 April 15 April 22 Scrophuiaria aquatica June 2 nodosa.. June 7 29 Sedum album 11 1 acre June 19 Senecio erucoefolius June 23,, Jacobcea 11 14,, 15 A form with small leaves, white flowers and glandular flower stalks.

9 A Phcenological Study. 295 ^ ' Species. Date of ttrst flowering. 1'.' Sherardia arvcnsis. M^ W, o i l e n e l n f l c i t a Sison Amomum Solanum Dulcamara Sonchus oleraceus.,;.' June 6 27 Jun'e 6 21 '>d 148 Spiroea Ulmaria " 17 i, ;- " ^t 207 Stacbys Betonica ;.; juiy a ju",,3 j \. jg ]"l germanica j^,4 24 oa o. iv \J,'^«'"=''' 30 June 2,, 6 29 Stellana Holostea, / u April 14 April Tamuscommunis June 6 28!w ^2 7 Taraxacum Dens-leon.s April 25 Jaii 22 Mar Taxus baccata <y M^,^ j, Anril Thymus Serpyleum June 12 June 24 June Tihaeuropoea... ju y Jl 1 ragopogon pratense ^ June 8 66 Trifolium agrarium [_[ ^3^. 17 ^^^^,,g f " pratense M"ay 16 h Tussilagoi:^"^" ;.; V; ;: ^--3 ^e^s June «9 Ulmus montana Ylar Urtica dioica ^ June 5 25 June 2,io,, V " -^ June June Verbascum nigrum 7 j^,,.., 226,, Thapsus ^^,^ '. Verbena officinalis Veronica agrestis,vlar. 26 Jan I ao D, (I^ec. 2t;) h ' BeccabunKa i; -8 Buxbaumii... April ><> '" ChaniCEclrjs April 29 lo., montana Vl-.>- i'< 11-/. t- i^wtj U CQ "" ^., serny llirolia o \7.^ Icu \r- '" " " i^iay 15 Ibo \ lcia crucea I ')7 ''^ ' sativa June 3 Ma\- 2'i ^n ^r'\ ^^P'""^ 12 April 30,', 15 JO Viola canina April 22 1 odorata Vlar. 13 Jan. 1 (abeut Dec. 0) April 5 10 The chronological charts on the following pages show the species whose first flowerings were noted in 1919, arranged in the order of their appearance in that year. The time of appearance in each month being indicated by a dot. The times of first flowering of the same species in 1917 and 1918 are ijidicated by x and + respectively.

10 296 Francis Darwin. iint flowerliik »19 No. m. 1 Viola o^orata M Dec S (1018) 1 1 Lamliim aumm Dec. 10 ('9»«) «I LamlumpurfiunumDe: W{101B)3 \ Veronica agrestia Dec. 28 (1918) 4 8 Bellis perennit Mar. 13 Ranimculut Fiearia H Kercurlalla perennis lj Taraxacum Dens-leonis 15 Corylys Aoellana 16 Ulmus montana 18 Cardamlne hirsuta 23 Steilaria media Apl. I Chryaosplenium oppositifolium 12 5 Tussllago Farfara i Viola odorata {uiliite) i Taxus baccata 3 6 Fragaria uesea 7 Cardamlne pratensis 7 Sttllx cinerta var. aquatiea 3 8 >(ifajra Mosehatellina 9 primula oeris 9 Cu/tAa paluttris 10 Anemone nemoroaa 12 Mepeta Olechoma 15 Lamlum album 17 So//jr cinerea var. aquatiea 9 21 Fraxinus excelsior i 22 3e///a mitan* 22 Veronica Buxbaumii 22 8teHaria Hoiostea 22 K/ata ean/im 22 Oira/f«aeetoselia 23 PniHus commanis 28 Jinifli macuiatum r 2 Lamium macuiatum 3 Plaatago lanceolata? 4 Luzula campestris S t 6 Ailiaria officinails 6 Charophgilum syiaeatre 7 Pedieularis sviuatiea 9 Carex pendula i 9 Plantago. lanceolata J 9 >lcer Pseudoplatanua 9 ^ye*n/«i//o/ca 10 Lamium Qaieobdoion 10 Ranuncuius auric^mus 10 Veronica chamtedrya 10 K/o/a tr/co/or 11 Ranunculus bulboaus 12 Carajr penduia S 12 Ranunculus aquatiiis 14 >iyi/aa reptans 14 />ar/< quadrifolia 14 >l///iiffi ursinum 15 Anthoxanthum odoratum 15 Ranunculus rcpena 16 Geranium Robertianum IS Orchis morio 15 Veronica aerpyilifolia 15 I'/c'a Mp/um 16 Ranunculus acria 16 Ceraatlum vuigatum 16 Trifolium pretense 17 Alopecurus prateitsis 18 linaria cymbalaria 18 lotus cornlculatua 18 Trifolium agrarium 18 Crattsgus oxyacantha 19 />yrus aucuparia 20 Heracleum sphondyiium 20 Bunium flexuosum 21 Ssvm urbanum 88 Poterium sanguisorba i 23 V/o/a Mt/va 23 Anthriacus Cerefoiium t- n n t flowerlpk 1918 r? The d»tie of (Wneral flowering, thoogh a few were seen ^ Dro t Limaaeampeetria? Apl. 15. * The depauperate tonn. FtretflowerbiK1919? i

11 A Phrenological Study, 297 Bint flowering t- Clnt flowetliur 1B18 Fint flowerlnk 1*1* 191ti 24 Acer cam/testrc 34 Aaperula oiorata 24 Heliea uniflom 25 Lgehnh Flos-eucali' 85 Polygala oulgarit 25 Kumex Aeetota i and 26 Bromus arvensu 26 Canlamlne aman?6 Veroitlea Beeeabuitge 26 ffwnex obtusifoliua 87 HUiam effumim 27 Pataititla Tormentlht 27 ftuaorea Bulgaria 28 C 88 Chryaanthemum Leueantlieriun 88 Oalium aparine 28 Kubua eteaiua 28 Bryania dioica c 28 8anleula europisa No S)i (; Uypoelmris radictr:c 9i 1 Daetylia glomerata 96 1 Cbeeropbyllum temuiun 97 1 Orchi» maealata croptuilana aquaticc 99 2 Heliantbemum oulgare lov 2 Vrtica i<ro/ca,r Onabryehia aatioa 10! 2 Tamua communia Plaatugo media Hieracium Piloaella iwiM ^aten<i«106 3 Epiiobium montanum Potentilla anaerina Rbinanthtia Criata-galli Poa {Olyceria) fluitana ffom canina olanum Dutcamaro 112 fi Linum catharticum 1]3 6 Uguatrum vulgare Srua»w>//'ii lls 6 8tackya ayloatiea ^gopodium podagranc Bubuafruticeausi Lolium perenne AKAIM aeaiua 120 ii Tragopogon pratenae Trifolium repena Lytbnia oeapertina Arrenatherum aaenaceum Oeniata tinetoria Cardiiua paluatria Potentilla reptama Featuca ouina CoriHi* aangulnea Lathyrua pratenaia lo/zi/fli perenne (in lolt flower): (Enanthe erocata ffo/oii Ianatua Digraphia arundinacea Centaurea nigra Prunella auigaria finfiiib ac» Platitago major ea/znw mollugo Lapaama communia /Va/iMi moaehata Cantaurm acabioaa Ptpaoer Khteaa Oalium oerum Lonieera Periciymenum C/n»a lutetlana Katriearla Camomilia Splrtea ulmaria Connolaulua arvenaia 149 I 4-4- > 4- K T t»i + I - + ^ V T + g T * -4- -f > >» * + * f f K t >( k + T i- K Jf t» 4 M + * - + > T 4.»» + 4 * »f - x - * 89 Sambuau. Some defonned flowera mingrled wltta nonnal ones. Normal flower noted June 6. t wbite-flowered mialj-leaved form witb grlandnlar flower-staikb. I iol*««g» peretuujll9jb givep in the curro, amj.31. ^ ^ ^

12 298 A Phcenolqgical Study First flowering First flowering First flowering June 22 Qeranium dissectum 22 Scrophularia aquatiea 22 Hordeiim pratenae 22 Orchis pyrnmidalis 23 La'.ULa muralis 2.'J Hypeiicum hirsutum 23 Senecio eniccbfolius 2 * Stachys germanica 24 Ranunculus aruensis 24 Sonchus oleraceus 24 Digraphis arundinacea 25 Geranium pratense 2.5 Scabiosa aruensis 26 S//enc inflata 26 Achillea millefolium 26 Reseda luteola 27 Agrimonia Eupatoria 27 Rumex crispus var. elongatas 27 I'/c/a cracca 27 Carduus aruenaia 27 Maha ayluestrls 29 Phleum pratense 30 Anthyllis uulneraria 30 Asperuta cynanchica 30 Thymus Serpylium 30 Urtica dioica i.t-nly 2 Lysimachia nummularia i Agropyrum repens 4 Conuoluulus sepium i Ononia apinoaa 4 Carduus acautia 6 Epilobium hirsutum 6 Hypericum quadrangulum 7 Calamintha clinopodium 7 /?osa aruensis 8 Anagallia aroenaia 5 Parietaria officinalis y r///a europcea 10 Rubus fruticosus 10 Campanula rotundifolia 10 Epilobium paruiflorum 11 Bartsia Odontites 12 ^thuaa cynapium 12 Clematis uitalba 12 Hypericum hirsutum 12 Medicago satiua 13 Pastinaca satioa 13 Scabiosa Columbaria 13 I'erdaacum nigrum 13 Origanum uulgare 13 Campanula Trachelium 14 Apium nodijforum 14 Butomus umbeliatua 15 Carduus lanceolatua 15 Senecio Jaeobcea 17 Caucalia Anthriscus m Daucus Carota 18 Stachys Betonica 20 Arctium Lappa 22 Bromus asper 23 Eupatorium cannabinum 23 /ni//a dyaenterica 23 Anthemia aruenais 24 Bromua giganteua 24 Ononia aruenaia 24 Agroatia alba 24 Polygonum auiculare 26 Chenopodium ficifolium 26 Mentha aruensia 27 /nu/a Conyza 27 Aliama plantago 27 Trifolium fragiferum 28 Sison amomum 28 Euphrasia officinalia 28 Habenaria ulridis 31 Angelica aylueatria Aug. 1 Verbaacum Thapaus 4 Carlina vulgaris 9 Brachypodium pinnatum 12 Mentha aquatiea 17 Scabioaa auccisa 28 Gentiana amarella No ft [ + V + > -- * + K * - -- > 4. ' + + T 4 I + t IE 4- *. + f T M * * + 4- <

13 THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. VIII., PLATE 1, FIG. 29. 'A 0 c LIABItiA: OlHotinih/c ' - <..o O A,,o a

14 THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. VIII., PLATE 2. FIG. 31.

15 THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. VIll., PLATE 3. FIG. 33.

16 . 36. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. VIIl., PLATE 4. ^ > ^ - -. " ^ ^ A B c -G (GfftBCRfl so - OLDWC FIG. 35. ^ ^

17 FIG. 3a. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. Vlll., PLATE 5. FIG. 37.

18 FIG. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. VOL. VIII., PLATE 6. FIG. 39.

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