Alternative Propulsion for Automobiles

Transcription

1 Alternative Propulsion for Automobiles

2 .

3 Cornel Stan Alternative Propulsion for Automobiles

4 Cornel Stan West Saxon University Zwickau, Germany Translation from the German language edition: Alternative Antriebe f ur Automobile by Cornel Stan # Springer-Verlag GmbH 2015 All Rights Reserved. # Springer International Publishing AG 2016 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

5 Preface A fourth edition of this book was recently published in German. The preface of the first edition 10 years ago asserted that, like an all-purpose automobile, an all-purpose propulsion system was impossible. A modular distribution of functions within the propulsion system was considered the most viable concept for the next generation of vehicles. In the second edition, explicit tendencies in this direction were highlighted: full hybrids for urban areas, diesel engines for rural areas and motorways, and micro- and mild hybrids for a variety of purposes were introduced into production or developed as concept cars. The third edition was published at a time when a book about alternative propulsion systems for automobiles was in danger of extinction: the electric car had appeared as a knight in shining armor, the savior of general mobility. In May 2010, the National Platform of Electrical Mobility was founded in Germany with the aim of establishing 1 million electric cars in the German traffic system by Nevertheless, the third edition of the book collected, presented, and analyzed numerous propulsion systems with a variety of modular configurations. In the preface of the fourth edition, we note that, in 2015 halfway to the deadline of establishing 1 million electric cars in Germany only 19,000 are in place, whereas we have 44.4 million cars with gasoline and diesel engines. With all due respect to, and appreciation for, the goal of electric mobility, and for the very complex, intensive and extensive activities in this domain, the continuing variety of automobiles and propulsion systems appears completely necessary: the wide range of geographic economic, or egolocical conditions worldwide allows no other option. Therefore, in this fourth edition, we present scores of new concepts, prototypes, and series systems beginning, of course, with electric cars, from light vehicles with compact batteries through to 2-ton luxury cars in which the battery is responsible for half this weight. However, we also present plug-ins as 2-in-1 solutions: electric propulsion in cities, and electrically assisted internal combustion engines for rural areas and motorways. However, the main scope of this book continues to be the evaluation and analysis of conception and optimization of alternative propulsion systems for automobiles, such as combinations of on-board propulsion modules, energy sources, energy storage, and energy conversion devices that can be adapted according to the functions required. The evaluation and analysis criteria includes specific power, v

6 vi Preface torque, and acceleration behavior; specific energy consumption; and emission of chemical substances and continues through to available energy, ecological impact, on-board storage, technically complex systems, costs, safety, and infrastructure. The combination of theoretical bacround, analysis of potential and limitations, and numerous concrete examples offers not only engineers but also automotive engineering students a basis for critical reflection and, possibly, the development of new concepts. Zwickau, Germany Cornel Stan

7 Contents 1 Mobility: Conditions, Requirements, and Scenarios Development Conditions Development Requirements Energy Availability Environmental Impact of Energy Conversion Technical Implementation Development Scenarios for On-board Energy Management Thermal Engines Thermodynamic Cycles: Potential and Limitations Carnot Cycle Stirling Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Seiliger Cycle oule Cycle Ackeret Keller (Ericsson) Cycle Four-Stroke Piston Engines: Potential and Trends Optimization and Adaptation of Engine Processes: Future Internal Combustion Engines as Function Suppliers Around the Combustion Convergence of Processes in SI and CI Engines Alternative Thermal Engines Two-stroke Engines Wankel Engines Thermal Turbomachines (Gas Turbines) Stirling Engines Alternative Fuels Energy Sources: Resources, Potential, and Properties Compressed Natural Gas Properties Storage on Board vii

8 viii Contents Mixture Formation Applications and Results Liquefied Petroleum Gas Production Properties Storage on Board Mixture Formation Applications and Results Alcohols: Methanol and Ethanol Production Properties Storage on Board Mixture Formation and Combustion Applications and Results Applications and Potentialities Hydrogen Production Properties Storage Mixture Formation Application and Results Vegetable Oils Production Properties Storage Mixture Formation Applications and Results Dimethylether Production Properties Storage Mixture Formation Applications and Results Synthetic Fuels Electric Propulsion Systems Electric Mobility Motors Accumulators of Electrical Energy: Batteries Electric Energy Conversion on Board: Fuel Cells Automobiles with Electric Propulsion

9 Contents ix 5 Combinations of Propulsion Systems, Energy Sources, Energy Converters, and Storage Configuration of the Propulsion System Propulsion by Motor, With a Thermal Engine as Current Generator: Serial Hybrids System Configuration Propulsion by Internal Combustion and/or Motor: Parallel and Mixed Hybrids Hybrid Classes Parallel Full Hybrid with One Piston Engine and One Motor, Interconnected by Means of a Planetary Gear: Toyota Prius, Honda Insight Parallel Full Hybrid with One Piston Engine and One Motor, Coupled by a Planetary Gear, with an Additional, Separate Propulsion Motor: Lexus RX400 h Full Hybrid with One Piston Engine and One Motor along a Propulsion Axle: Porsche Full Hybrid with One Piston Engine and Two Motors along a Propulsion Axle: Daimler Full Hybrid with Motors Within the Gear of the Piston Engine (Two-Mode Hybrid): BMW, Daimler, GM Hybrid with Propulsion of One Vehicle Axle by an Engine and of the Second Axle by a Motor, Without Mechanical Coupling on Either: Peugeot Overview of the Present Parallel and Mixed Hybrid Propulsion Systems Plug-In Hybrid Propulsion Energy Management in the Automobile as a Complex System Upper Class of Cars, SUVs Middle Class of Cars Compact Class, City Cars City Cars with Range Extender Low-Price Multipurpose Cars Automotive Engineering and Manufacturing Bibliography Supplementary Bibliographic Sources

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11 List of Formula Symbols A [m 2 ] Surface h b e, bsfc g i Brake specific fuel consumption h kwh c m i Velocity s c C Carbon fraction in hydrocarbon Kst c p k Specific heat capacity at constant pressure K c V k Specific heat capacity at constant volume K d [m] Diameter E [, k] Energy F [N] Force f [Hz] Frequency G [, k] Free enthalpy of combustion H [, k] Enthalpy H* [, k] Dynamic enthalpy H U k Lower heating value H G k Mixture heating value mass related H g k Mixture heating value volume related m 3 h ; k Specific enthalpy h* ; k Specific dynamic enthalpy I λ W Intensity of radiation k L K st m 3 ½ Isentropic exponent Luft Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio Kst (continued) xi

12 xii List of Formula Symbols l [m] Length M Molar mass kmol n s 1 ; min 1 Rotation speed P [W, kw] Power p N Pressure m 2 Q [, k] Heat Q _ [W, kw] Heat flow q ; k Specific heat R Molar gas constant kmolk R Specific gas constant K r [m] Radius r ; k Specific vaporization S K ; k Entropy K s K ; k Specific entropy K T [K] Temperature t [ C] Temperature t [s] Time U [, k] Internal energy u ; k Specific internal energy V [m 3 ] Volume V H ½m Swept volume v m 3 Specific volume W [, k] Work w ; k Specific work α [rad] Angle, angle of rotation α ½ Stirling type β ½ Stirling type γ ½ Stirling type ε ½ Compression ratio η ½ Efficiency η th ½ Thermal efficiency λ Luft Air ratio of combustion Kst (continued)

13 List of Formula Symbols xiii λ [m, μm] Wave length at radiation λ W Conductivity at heat conduction mk π ½ Pressure ratio ρ Density m 3 ω ½s 1 Angular velocity