Introduction. Internal Combustion Engines
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1 Introduction Internal Combustion Engines
2 Internal Combustion Engines A heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy. Chemical energy first converted into thermal energy (Combustion) Thermal energy converted into mechanical energy through temperature and pressure rise Thermal expansion converted to a rotating crankshaft by mechanical linkages Crankshaft connected to a transmission or power train to transmit mechanical energy to the final use Final use: Propulsion of a vehicle (e.g. in automobiles, ships, airplanes) or electricity generation (e.g. stationary power plants) Cf) Heat engine: A device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does a net positive work through heat transfer from a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body
3 Topics Covered in This Class External combustion engines Steam engines Some gas turbine engines Internal combustion engines Reciprocating engines Rotary engines Rocket engines Jet engines Firearms Fuel cells Hybrid vehicles Main focus Ferrari F-1 engine
4 Steam Power Plant Sonntag et al., Thermodynamics
5 Steam Engines Engine 5 in use from 1903 to
6 Gas Turbine Engines General Electric LM2500 Gas Turbine
7 Gas Turbine Schematic
8 Gas Turbine Cartoon MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory
9 MEMS Gas Turbine Engines MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory
10 MEMS Gas Turbine Engines Micro impellers Ceramic Metallic MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory
11 Rotary Engines A Wankel engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany
12 Optical Wankel Rotary Engine
13 Stratified Charge Rotary Combustion Engine NASA (1985)
14 Mini Rotary Engines Mechanically machined Power Generation between ~ Watts Design issues: Quenching, sealing, lubrication, etc. Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley
15 Micro Rotary Engines Advantages of rotary engines: Planar design of the rotor and housing, design simplicity due to its valveless operation. Rotor size: 1 mm, Max. RPM: 40,000 Power Output: 26 mw Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley
16 Micro Rotary Enginee Apex: Key to (macro and micro) rotor design
17 Toyota Prius Hybrid Car First commercialized hybrid vehicle
18 Honda Insight Hybrid Car
19 Honda FCX - Fuel Cell Car
20 Reciprocating Engines
21 Reciprocating Engines
22 Gallery of Engines Harold Schock, Michigan State University
23 Gallery of Engines Harold Schock, Michigan State University
24 Gallery of Engines Harold Schock, Michigan State University
25 Two-Stroke Directly Inject Diesel Engine NASA (1984)
26 Merlin 1 Engine Rolls Royce Harold Schock, Michigan State University
27 Ship Engine
28 Camshaft for Ship Engine
29 Engine Classifications Type of ignition Spark ignition (SI) Compression ignition (CI) Engine cycle Four-stroke cycle Two-stroke cycle Cf) Three- or six-stroke cycles attempted in the past Valve location (See figure) I head: Valve in head or overhead valve L, T heads: Valve in block or flat head F head
30 Engine Classifications Basic design Reciprocating Rotary Position, number of cylinders(see figure) Emile Salmson water-cooled radial engine 1915 a. Single cylinder b. In-line (Straight) c. V engine d. Opposed cylinder engine e. W engine f. Opposed piston g. Radial engine
31 Engine Classifications Air intake process Naturally aspirated Supercharged Turbocharged Crankcase compressed Supercharged Turbocharged
32 Engine Classifications Method of fuel input for SI engines Carbureted Multipoint port fuel injection Throttle body fuel injection Gasoline direct injection For CI engines Direct injection Indirect injection HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) Carbureted
33 Engine Classifications Fuel used Gasoline; Diesel oil, fuel oil; Gas, natural gas, methane; Liquefied petroleum gas; Alcohol; Dual fuel; Gasohol; Hydrogen; Biofuel Application Automobile, truck, bus; Locomotive; Stationary; Marine; Aircraft; Small portable, chain saw, model airplane Cooling Air cooled; Liquid cooled, water cooled Modern engines: Turbocharged, reciprocating, spark ignition, four-stroke, overhead valve, water-cooled, gasoline, multipoint fuel-injected
34 Terminology and Abbreviations Internal combustion (IC) Spark ignition (SI) Compression ignition (CI) Top-dead-center (TDC), a.k.a. Top-center (TC), Headend-dead-center (HEDC) Bottom-dead-center (BDC), a.k.a. Bottom-center (BC), Crank-end-dead-center (CEDC) Direct injection (DI) Indirect injection (IDI) Bore Stroke
35 Terminology and Abbreviations Clearance volume Displacement or displacement volume Gasoline direction injection (GDI) Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) Smart engine Engine management system (EMS) Wide-open throttle (WOT) Ignition delay (ID) Air-fuel ratio (AF) Fuel-air ratio (FA)
36 Terminology and Abbreviations Brake maximum torque (BMT) Overhead valve (OHV) Overhead cam (OHC) Fuel injected (FI)
37 Engine Components An engine must at least include the following systems to operate: Air supply and exhaust system Fuel supply system Combustion system Ignition system (For SI engines) Cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Electrical power supply system (battery and generator)
38 Engine Components H. Exhaust manifold J. Intake manifold N. Push rod I. Head P. Valve O. Spark plug C. Combustion Chamber M. Piston rings L. Piston O. Spark plug D. Connecting rod(bearing) B. Camshaft G. Cylinder A. Block F. Crankshaft E. Crankcase K. Oil pan
39 Engine Components Crankshaft Camshaft Piston assembly
40 Engine Cutaway Harold Schock, Michigan State University
41 Valve Components F. Camshaft Poppet valve E. Spring D. Guide C. Steam G. Manifold B. Head A. Valve seat Poppet valve
42 Valve Components
43 Fuel Supply System Carburetor, choke, fuel injector, fuel pump
44 Engine Cooling System Cooling fins, radiator, fan, water pump
45 Lubrication System Oil pump, oil sump
46 Engine Starting and Charging System
47 Engine Management System
48 Other Engine Components Air supply system: Supercharger, turbocharger, throttle Air exhaust system: Catalytic converter Ignition system: Glow plug Flywheel Jake brake Speed control-cruise control
49 Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle a. Intake stroke or induction b. Compression stroke c. Combustion d. Expansion stroke or power stroke e. Exhaust blowdown f. Exhaust stroke
50 Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle SI CI
51 Two-Stroke SI Engine Cycle CI: No fuel mixture and fuel injector in place of spark plug
52 Engine Emissions, Air Pollution Emissions from ICEs Hydrocarbon (HC) Carbon monoxide (CO) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Solid particle (part or soot) Aldehyde, sulfur, lead, phosphorus Two methods of reducing emissions Improvement of an engine itself Aftertreatment: Thermal and catalytic converters
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