8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare The Physics of Energy Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 8.21 Lecture 11 Internal Combustion Engines October 2, Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 1 / 15
3 Internal Combustion Engines Much energy used for transport cars, trucks, planes, boats,... U.S.: 25% Energy use, 33% CO 2 Globally 15%/20%, growing Presents unique challenge: need portable fuel, light engine Engine type Use Cycle Spark ignition cars, light trucks Otto (Const. V) Compression ignition trucks, heavy vehicles Diesel (Const. P) Gas turbines airplanes Brayton Most cars 20%-25% efficient. Increase 5%: save 15 EJ/year globally! (200M people s total E use) 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 2 / 15
4 4-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) engine: stages of operation 4-stroke SI engine image removed due to copyright restrictions. [Milton] (a) Air/fuel intake: piston goes down (b) Compression: piston goes up (c + d) Power: ignition, combustion, piston goes down (e) Exhaust: piston goes up 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 3 / 15
5 Reciprocating SI engine Reciprocating SI engine image removed due to copyright restrictions. First IC engines modeled on cannon! Reciprocating engine: linear piston motion Connecting rod rotates crankshaft Crankshaft camshaft valve control Piston up: top dead center (TDC/TC) Single cycle: crankshaft rotates twice Max/min volume: V 1 /V 2 (V t /V c ) Displaced volume V 1 V 2 (V t V c = V d ) Compression Ratio r = V 1 : V 2 (typical 9.5:1) [Heywood] 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 4 / 15
6 Idealize as thermodynamic Otto cycle (constant volume combustion) Otto cycle images removed due to copyright restrictions. [Milton] Otto + intake/exhaust [Milton] 1 2. Adiabatic compression: good approx. for compression (b) 2 3. Isometric heating: OK approximation for combustion (c) 3 4. Adiabatic expansion: OK approximation for power stroke (d) 4 1. Isometric cooling: OK approx. for exhaust + intake (e + a) Isometric cooling really just blowdown ; Better: intake + exhaust as separate constant p (isobaric) processes 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 5 / 15
7 Ideal gas Otto cycle analysis p 3 Q in = C V (T 3 T 2) p p 2 p 4 p Qout = C V (T 4 T 1 ) V 2 = V 3 V 1 = V 4 V 4 1 Approximate combustion at constant volume Q in from combustion of fuel η = Qin Qout Q in = 1 T4 T1 T 3 T 2 p 1V γ 1 = p2vγ 2 T1Vγ 1 1 = T 2V γ 1 2 T 2 = T 1 r γ 1 (r = V 1 /V 2 ) and similarly T 3 = T 4 r γ 1 So η = 1 1 r γ 1 = T 2 T 1 T 2 Critical feature: Compression ratio r 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 6 / 15
8 Hydrocarbons: molecules composed of hydrogen + carbon atoms Crude oil: mix of many hydrocarbons Refineries: separate by properties Gasoline: 500 molecules, 5-12 C s Image removed due to copyright restrictions. [Heywood] Mixed for: High compression/efficiency, Minimize pollution iso-octane (2-2-4-trimethylpentane) H H H H C H H C H H H H C C C C C H H H H H C H H H 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 7 / 15
9 Combustion SI: Spark Ignites fuel-air mixture, HC s + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 e.g. iso-octane: 2 C 8 H O 2 18 H 2 O + 16 CO MJ where H combustion iso octane = 5.47 MJ/mol = 47.9 MJ/kg (hhc) Air/fuel ratio nomenclature: Stoichiometric: just enough O 2 to burn all fuel (gasoline: = 14.7 : 1) Lean: excess oxygen (higher efficiency) Rich: excess fuel (lower efficiency, slightly rich slight power increase) Exhaust: CO 2, H 2 O + unburned HC s, CO, NO x, Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 8 / 15
10 Combustion process + knock Combustion process: 1/6 rotation centered into expansion phase Image removed removed due to copyright restrictions. [Milton] Image removed removed due to copyright restrictions. [Heywood] Heat + pressure premature combustion: Knock Straight paraffins knock most easily Measured by critical compression ratio, CCR iso octane 2 3 CCR n heptane Octane rating N: Knocks as N% iso-octane, 100 N% n-heptane 93 octane gasoline: knocks r 10.5 Additives: aromatics, lead,... improve Bottom line: r max 10 with current gasoline mixtures 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 9 / 15
11 Real SI engines Maximum compression ratio: 10:1 At K, 1 γ hot air γ air+spent fuel 1.3 η Otto = 1 r γ 1 = 0.50 Theoretical Ideal gas thermo analysis: 50% efficiency Real SI engines: max 35-40%. e.g. 4-cylinder Camry: η max 35% SI engine losses Image removed removed due to copyright restrictions. Combustion not instantaneous Heat loss during expansion Blowdown: not constant volume Exhaust/intake: pumping losses 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 10 / 15
12 Throttle: reduces efficiency Image removed removed due to copyright restrictions. Let up on gas: throttle reduces air/fuel flow (typical driving: intake 0.5 Atm) reduced pressure on intake (increased pumping loss) Combining all these inefficiencies, power to systems: 25% delivered mechanical energy, as in transport example 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 11 / 15
13 Atkinson cycle p 3 3 p p 2 2 Keep valve open at start of compression can have exp. ratio > comp. ratio Extract more energy w/ expansion p 4 p 1 1b 4 1 V 2 = V 3 V 1b V 1 = V 4 V Reduces pumping losses [DOE report] 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 12 / 15
14 Atkinson cycle in real engines Used in 2007 Toyota Camry hybrid Expansion ratio 12.5:1 (compression ratio 9.5:1) Maximum efficiency 35% 38% [DOE report] Reduces pumping losses Maximum power 160hp 147hp, made up by battery assist Superior acceleration [DOE report] 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 13 / 15
15 Diesel (constant pressure combustion) cycle Compression Ignition (CI) Image removed removed due to copyright restrictions. Inject fuel after compression can have r = V 1 /V : 1 Efficiency 70% theoretical, 45% realized (ideal cycle inaccurate) Need heavy piston/cylinder head trucks, buses, boats,... More flexible fuel options ( biodiesel) 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 14 / 15
16 SUMMARY SI engines modeled by ideal gas Otto (constant V combustion) cycle η Otto = 1 1 r γ 1 r = V 1 /V 2 limited to 10 by knock : combustion process, heat loss, pumping reduce η 35% max, 25% average delivered. Atkinson cycle: valve timing more expansion, efficiency Diesel (constant P combustion): CI increased compression, efficiency 8.21 Lecture 11: Internal Combustion Engines 15 / 15
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