Appendix A.1 Calculations of Engine Exhaust Gas Composition...9
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1 Foreword...xi Acknowledgments...xiii Introduction... xv Chapter 1 Engine Emissions Characteristics of Engine Exhaust Gas Major Components of Engine Exhaust Gas Units Used for Exhaust Gas Components Concentration Variations of Exhaust Gas Components Exhaust Gas as Fluid (Physical Characteristics) Density Viscosity (Coefficient of Viscosity) Specific Heat Temperature Major Air Pollutants in Engine Exhaust Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Alcohols and Carbonyls Engine Exhaust Particulates Greenhouse Gases in Exhaust Emissions...7 References....7 Appendix A.1 Calculations of Engine Exhaust Gas Composition...9 A.1.1 Combustion Reaction Formula...9 A.1.2 Calculations of Gas Component Concentration...11 A.1.3 Excess Air Ratio and Gas Component Concentration...12 Chapter 2 Gaseous Emissions Measurement Overview Direct Sampling Method Gas Sampling with the Direct Sampling Method Equations of Mass Emission Dilution Sampling Method Constant Volume Sampler Overview of the Constant Volume Sampler System Structure Mixing Tee...16 v
2 Flow Controller Gas Sampling Bags Calculation of Mass Emission System Setup and System Check Setting the Dilution Flow Rate Calibration of the Dilution Flow Rate Total System Verification Measurement of Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles by the CVS Method Compensation of Background (Dilution Air) Active Carbon Filter Dilution Air Refiner Proportional Ambient Sampling Method Optimization of Dilution Ratio Variable-Flow CVS Heated CVS Dehumidification of the Dilution Air Preventing HC Hang-Up Selection of Materials Separate Sample Lines for Low-Concentration Measurement Extensive Purging Blank Tests Bag Mini Diluter System Configuration and Features Mass Emission Calculation Exhaust Flow Rate Measurement Summary of Exhaust Flow Measurement Direct Measurement Method Ultrasonic Flow Meter Pitot Tube Flow Meter Indirect Measurement Method Intake Air Flow and Fuel Flow Intake Air Flow and Air-to-Fuel Ratio Tracer Method...41 References Chapter 3 Measurement of Particle Emissions and Black Smoke PM Mass Filter Weighing (Balance) Method PM Sampling from a Tunnel Full- Flow Dilution Tunnel Micro Dilution Tunnel Filter Weighing...51 vi
3 3.1.3 Separate Analysis of Soluble Organic Fraction Other Methods for Exhaust Particle Mass Measurement Filter Combustion Method for Measuring Low- Mass PM Continuous Measurement of PM Mass Concentration Particle Number Measurement Continuous Measurement of Solid Particle Number Particle Size Distribution Measurement Measurement of Black Smoke Opacity Meter Light Reflection...61 References Chapter 4 Evaporative Emissions Measurement Outline of Evaporative Emission Regulation Evaporation Test of Parked Vehicles Outline of the Test Variable Pressure Absorption System Calibration and HC Retention Test Analyzer for Evaporative Emission Measurement Analyzer Calculation of Evaporation Rate Running Loss Evaporation Test Evaluation of the Entire Vehicle SHED Configuration Fuel Temperature Profile Evaluation of Evaporative Emission by the Point-Source Method Evaporative Test After Vehicle Driving...71 References Chapter 5 Principles of Exhaust Gas Analyzers Analytical Principles for Regulated Emission Components of Interest Non- Dispersive Infrared Detection Principle Infrared Detector Pyroelectric- Type Infrared Detector Pneumatic Cell- Type Detector Detector Using Lead Selenide Application to Exhaust Gas Analyzers Interference Compensation by AS Method Adjustment of Water Concentration in Calibration Gas Flame Ionization Detection Principle of Flame Ionization Detection...82 vii
4 5.3.2 Application to Exhaust Gas Analyzer Separate Measurement of Methane Compensation of Oxygen Interference Chemiluminescence Detection Principle of Chemiluminescence Detection Application to the Exhaust Gas Analyzer Atmospheric Pressure- Type and Vacuum Pressure-Type NOx Analyzers Options of Sample Dehumidification Paramagnetic Detection Zirconia Solid Electrolyte Method Zirconia-Type Air-to-Fuel Ratio Sensor Zirconia- Type Nitrogen Oxide Sensor Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Principle of Fourier Transform Infrared Gas Analyzer Analyzer Configuration and Target Gas Components Mid- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Gas Chromatography Principle of Gas Chromatography System Components and Conditions Column Oven Temperature Detector Sample Injector...99 References Chapter 6 Testing Equipment for Vehicle Emissions General Configuration Equipment for Simulating Actual Driving Conditions Equipment for Gas Component Analysis Constant Volume Sampling System Exhaust Gas Analyzer Particle Measurement Equipment Driving Aid Equipment/Automatic Driving Equipment Driver s Aid System Robot Driver Automation System Laboratory Automation System Full- Automatic Unmanned Testing System Chapter 7 Practical Measurement of Engine Emissions Emission Measurements for Powertrain Development Air- to- Fuel Ratio and Excess Air Ratio viii
5 Calculating from Exhaust Gas Concentrations Real- Time Measurement Using Zirconia Sensor Exhaust Gas Recirculation Ratio Calculation from CO 2 Concentrations Transient Measurement of EGR Ratio Fuel Consumption Vehicles Using Combustion Engine for Power Source Hybrid Vehicles Engine Oil Consumption S-trace Method Calculation of Oil Consumption Catalytic Converter Evaluation Three- Way Catalytic Converter Evaluation Evaluation of Aftertreatment System for Nitrogen Compounds Evaluation of Diesel Particulate Filter Evaluation of Aftertreatment Catalyst Using Model Gas Measurement of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons Quantitative Estimation of Alcohols Quantitative Estimation of Carbonyl Compounds Measurement of Non- Methane Organic Gases Measurement of Greenhouse Gases Modal Mass Analysis Onboard Emission Measurements Emission Test for Type Approval Scope of Regulation and Test Procedures Common Test Procedure Test Cycles Off- Cycle Emission Tests Emission Test for Production Vehicles Random Sampling Inspection on Production Line In- Use Vehicle Measurement References Chapter 8 Emission Regulations Around the World and Worldwide Harmonization of Technical Regulations Emission Regulations Around the World Japanese Emission Standards History and Regulatory Process Recent Trend United States Emission Standards History and Regulatory Process ix
6 Recent Trend European Union Emission Standards History and Regulatory Process Recent Trend Other Nations and Regions Worldwide Harmonization of Technical Regulations and Mutual Recognition of Approval Agreement and ECE Regulation Agreement and gtr References Index x
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