Retrospective of EV Testing by Consumer Reports

Transcription

1 EVS28 KINTEX, Korea, May 3-6, 2015 Retrospective of EV Testing by Consumer Reports Gabriel Shenhar Senior Auto Test Engineer & Program Manager CONSUMER REPORTS Colchester, Connecticut, USA - gshenhar@consumer.org

2 About Consumer Reports 1. Consumer Reports is the largest independent testing organization in the world 2. Has 8 million paying web and magazine subscribers 3. Non-profit organization 4. Buys all products it tests 5. Does not accept advertising 6. Owns its own test track 7. Data driven 8. Surveys its subscribers 9. Believes in sustainable consumption 10. Embraces alternative fuel solutions when practical for consumers 11. Increased awareness of EVs beyond just the early adaptors 12. Tested and reported on all major EVs and/or PHEVs available 2

3 Consumer Reports Auto Test Center 327 acres (1323 sq. meter) test facility, Connecticut, USA 3

4 Customer focused (Sales figures courtesy of InsideEVs.com) 4

5 Timeline

6 Uncharted territory for EV testing Establishing methodology for EV-testing in a way that s relevant to the general consumer presented challenges: CR has been measuring fuel economy for decades needed ability to measure EV consumption on same routes used for ICE cars Acquiring smart EVSEs to monitor energy and charge times Ability to present AC consumption rather than DC consumption Including energy loss during charging Reporting consumption either in miles/kwh or MPGe 6

7 On-road testing Establishing range Monitoring and recording range between 40-80F (5-27C) Measuring charge times on 120V and 240V Using same EVSE in a climate-controlled space (calibrated once a year) 7

8 Calculating charging efficiency Run # CHARGING EFFICENCY Updated 4/17/ Tesla Model S Calibration runs: to 50% SOC R Net u discharge Charged Range Temp n Trip from batt by CT500 left, Mile/kWh mile/kwh F s Date mileage kwh kwh miles On board CT500 % charging efficiency kwh loss % Adjust % loss /26/ % 20.9% 79.1% /28/ % 13.6% 86.4% /02/ % 14.5% 85.5% /16/ % 13.7% 86.3% /24/ % 20.5% 79.5% Average % 16.7% 83.3% % Correction to on board raw 16.2% % Loss 14.0% % Efficiency 86.0% 8

9 Measuring consumption (City driving) Same test schedule as ICE cars City Course EV FUEL ECONOMY - City 1-mile loop Updated 3/26/ Tesla Model S Tested Date MM/DD/YY 3/26/2013 Run Tester Net discharge, kwh (DC) kwh AC (with Loss correction ) mile/kwh corrected MPGe 1 Tester Tester Tester Tester Tester Tester Averages Tester 1 Tester 2 Combined mile/kwh corrected MPGe

10 Measuring consumption (Highway driving) Highway course at constant 65 mph (105 km/h) State route 2, east of Colchester, CT USA Run EV FUEL ECONOMY - Highway 2594 Tesla Model S Tested Date MM/DD/YY 4/4/2013 Tester Net discharge, kwh (DC) kwh with Loss correction (AC) mile/kwh corrected mi stretch MPGe 1 Tester East 2 Tester West 3 Tester East 4 Tester West 1 Tester East 2 Tester West 3 Tester East 4 Tester West Direction Averages Tester 1 Tester 2 Combined mile/kwh MPGe EV CONSUMPTION - Weighted average mile/kwh corrected (AC) MPGe City Highway Overall

11 Range, charge times, and consumption Chevrolet Volt Nissan Leaf Tesla Model S BMW i3 REx Range, Miles (KM) 35 (56) 75 (120) 225 (362) 75 (120) Charge time, 240V (120V) 4 (9) 6 (16) 5 (w/hpwc)/(12 reg 240) 4 (17) Consumption, mi/kwh (MPGe) 2.9 (99) 3.2 (106) 2.5 (84) 4.1 (139) 11

12 The Challenge Comparing EV to ICE Audi A7 TDI Tesla Model S 85 Price, $ 70,895 89,650 Horsepower mph acceleration, sec Fuel economy/energy consumption 28 mpg 84 MPGe (2.5 Mi/kWh) Range, Mi (Km) 565 (909) 225 (362) Fuel/energy cost per mile (cents) 14.3* 4.4** Refuelling/recharging time 5 minutes 5 hours (w/tesla HPWC) * Based on $4.00/gallon for diesel ** Based on $0.11/kWh 12

13 Should consumers embrace PHEVs? Less limited by range and charge times than pure EVs CR tested the Toyota Prius Plug-In and Ford C-Max Energi CR developed algorithm based on daily driving distances (utility factor) CR s survey: owners seem to favor PHEVs with more electric range 13

14 74% of US drivers cover less than 50 miles on a weekday Less than 50 miles miles miles Over 100 miles (According to Union of Concerned Scientists)

15 PHEV fuel consumption Initially manufacturers overpromised (i.e. claims of 150 mpg) Gas consumption is a function of frequency of charging CR tests account for both electric and gas consumption CR s PHEV composite is based on EV portion out of a 50 mile segment Example: Ford C-Max Energi averages 18 miles on electric (CD mode) It consumes 37 mpg in charge-sustaining (CS mode) Its electric drive portion is 36% Based on our model its composite is 47.5 mpg/mpge Composite consumption based on weighted harmonic mean Range EV (CD) Total distance EV (CD) Gas (CS) 36% 64% 2.8 mi/kwh (93.8 MPGe) 37.2 mpg 47.5 MPG/MPGe 15

16 Future outlook A glimpse into fuel cell technology: Pros: mile range ( km) Quick fill-ups Cons: Insufficient refueling infrastructure Variability in measuring exact amount of hydrogen dispensed (CR rented a Hyundai Tucson FCV for one month and drove the Toyota Mirai) 16

17 In Conclusion Consumer Reports will continue to: Be at the forefront of testing alt. fuel technology Base reports on road-tests and data Report findings most applicable to consumers Raise public awareness of alt. fuel vehicles Maintain a balanced, realistic approach 17

18 Thank you Contact information: Gabriel Shenhar 18