PREPOJENÉ ELEKTRIZAČNE SÚSTAVY
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1 PREPOJENÉ ELEKTRIZAČNE SÚSTAVY
2 Základné pojmy Nadradená sústava elektrizačná sústava, ktorá prostredníctvom napájacieho bodu (uzla) napája sústavu nižšieho napätia. Prenosová sústava elektrizačná sústava zabezpečujúca prenos, export, import a tranzit elektrickej energie. Distribučná sústava elektrizačná sústava, z ktorej sú priamo napájaní veľkí odberatelia elektrickej energie. Rozvodná sústava elektrizačná sústava, ktorá je väčšinou sústredená na ohraničené územie. Elektrická sieť súhrn všetkých galvanicky spojených vedení a elektrických staníc rovnakého napätia určených na prenos, premenu a rozvod elektrickej energie.
3 Základné pojmy Napájací bod miesto, odkiaľ sa do siete dodáva elektrická energia. Môže to byť výrobňa alebo transformovňa napájaná z nadradenej sústavy. Elektrický zdroj zariadenie alebo jeho časť, ktorá dodáva elektrickú energiu do elektrického obvodu. Elektrická stanica je zariadenie uzla elektrizačnej sústavy: transformovňa slúži pre transformáciu elektrickej energie na iné napätie, spínacia stanica slúži pre rozvádzanie elektrickej energie rovnakého napätia, meniareň slúži pre premenu striedavého elektrického prúdu na prúd inej frekvencie, prípadne na jednosmerný prúd.
4 Rozvodňa je časť elektrickej stanice a tvorí ju jedno alebo viac rozvodných zariadení. Rozvodné zariadenie: Základné pojmy slúži na rozvádzanie, istenie, meranie a kontrolu elektrických obvodov, umožňuje tiež zapínanie, vypínanie a spínanie jednotlivých vedení, transformátorov, generátorov a ostatných prvkov ES. Vedenie je vodivé spojenie dvoch prevádzkových miest, ktoré môže byť vzdušné alebo káblové.
5 Prevádzka prepojených sústav Základné výhody prepojených sústav sú: možnosť poskytovania vzájomnej havarijnej výpomoci, zvýšenie prevádzkovej bezpečnosti, zlepšenie podmienok regulácie frekvencie (rozsiahla sústava je tvrdšia ), možnosť zníženia potrebných výkonových rezerv lepšie využitie kapacity zdrojov.
6 Prevádzka prepojených sústav Prepojenie sústav vnáša do riadenia nové aspekty: problém regulácie sáld prenášaných výkonov a energie podľa dlhodobých hospodárskych zmlúv, problém operatívnych dohôd o neplánovanom dovoze a vývoze elektrickej energie, problém riadenia napätia v hraničných bodoch sústavy, potrebu medzinárodnej koordinácie údržbových prác vo výrobných a rozvodných zariadeniach.
7 Prevádzka prepojených sústav Prepojenie sústav sa uskutočňuje v jednom alebo viacerých definovaných bodoch cez: galvanické prepojenie pri paralelnej spolupráci sústav (najbežnejší spôsob), jednosmerné vedenie alebo jednosmernú spojku pri rozdielnej frekvencii sústav, vydelenie zdrojov jednej sústavy pracujúcich do druhej sústavy, vydelenie ostrovov zaťaženia jednej sústavy do druhej sústavy.
8 História prepojených sústav v Európe 1951 založenie UCPTE, 1956 začiatok spolupráce s UCPTE, 1962 sústava RVHP MIER (PES), 1963 založenie NORDEL, 1965 prepojenie 400 kv zo ZSSR (JES), 1979 paralelná spolupráca PES a JES, 1992 vznik CENTREL, 1994 samostatná ES SR, 1995 skúšobné pripojenie CENTREL (aj ES SR) k UCPTE, 1997 trvalá paralelná prevádzka s UCPTE, 1998 prepojenie 400 kv s Poľskom, 1999 otvorenie trhu s elektrinou a vznik UCTE a ETSO, včlenenie CENTREL do UCTE, 2001 plné členstvo v UCTE účasť na všetkých významných projektoch UCTE (štúdie prepojení, analýzy vplyvov rozširovania, harmonizácia pravidiel), 2008 vytvorenie ENTSO- E, 2009 ENTSO- E koordinuje TSO v Európe.
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10 IPS UPS
11 B BiH D L E NL F A GR P Belgium Bosnia-Herzegovina Germany Luxembourg Spain The Netherlands France Austria Greece Portugal I Italy CH Switzerland SLO Slovenia CZ Czech Republic HR Croatia H Hungary PL Poland SK Slovakia FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia YU Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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13 ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (Európske siete prevádzkovateľov prenosových sústav pre elektrinu) 36 signatárskych PPS z 31 štátov Európy podpísalo v Prahe Deklarácie záujmu o vytvorenie ENTSO-E a zánik 6 existujúcich asociácií európskych prenosových systémových operátorov (TSO): ATSOI - Association of the Transmission System Operators of Ireland BALTSO - Baltic Transmission System Operators ETSO - European Transmission System Operators NORDEL - co-operation between the transmission system operators in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, UCTE - Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity UKTSOA - UK Transmission System Operators Association Od 19. decembra 2009 koordinuje 42 TSO z 34 krajín.
14 Zoskupenie ENTSO-E
15 Legislatívny základ ENTSO-E Návrh EP&R, ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa nariadenie č. 1228/2003 o podmienkach prístupu do siete pre cezhraničné výmeny elektriny. Všetci prevádzkovatelia prenosových sústav spolupracujú na úrovni Spoločenstva prostredníctvom siete ENTSO pre elektrinu s cieľom podporovať dobudovanie vnútorného trhu s elektrickou energiou a zabezpečiť optimálne riadenie a vhodný technický vývoj európskej prenosovej siete pre elektrinu.
16 Legislatívny základ ENTSO-E Návrh EP&R, ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa nariadenie č. 1228/2003 o podmienkach prístupu do siete pre cezhraničné výmeny elektriny. Všetci prevádzkovatelia prenosových sústav spolupracujú na úrovni Spoločenstva prostredníctvom siete ENTSO pre elektrinu s cieľom podporovať dobudovanie vnútorného trhu s elektrickou energiou a zabezpečiť optimálne riadenie a vhodný technický vývoj európskej prenosovej siete pre elektrinu. Prezident ENTSO-E: Nick Winser (National Grid, UK) Viceprezident ENTSO-E: Damjan Medimorec (HOPS, Croatia) Predseda predstavenstva (Board): Pierre Bornard (RTE, France) Podpredseda predstavenstva: Bente Hagem, (Statnett SF, Norway) Členovia predstavenstva: DEN, HUN, LAT, DE, NED, SRB, PL, E, CH, IR Sídlo: 1040 Brussels, Boulevard Saint Michel 15, Belgium
17 Orgány Asociácie Právna skupina Valné zhromaždenie Sekretariát Expertné skupiny (napríklad) ETSOVista R&D Dáta/štatistika Predstavenstvo 3 Výbory Regionálne skupiny
18 Výbor pre rozvoj sústavy (SYSCOM) System Development Committee (SYSCOM) Management & Coordination Process Network Development Area 1 Network Development Area n Coordinated Planning Working Group Sys Dev Data Working Group Research & Development Working Group Asset Management Working Group Regional Groups Working groups 6 regionálnych oblastí: Severné more Baltik Kontinentálna juhozápadná Kontinantálna juhovýchodná Kontinentálna stredojužná Kontinentálna stredovýchodná CCE: D, ČR, SR, A, PL, H, SL, CR.
19 Výbor pre rozvoj sústavy (SYSCOM) - regióny FI NO SE EE LV NI DK LT RoI UK BE NL DE PL LU CZ SK FR CH AT SI HR HU RO IT BA ME RS FYROM BG PT ES AL GR CY
20 Výbor pre rozvoj sústavy (SYSCOM) - regióny FI NO SE EE LV NI DK LT RoI UK FR NL BE LU CH DE IT AT CZ SI PL SK HU HR RS BA ME FYROM RO BG Prečo práve takto? PT ES AL GR CY
21 Výbor pre prevádzku (SOC) System Operations Committee (SOC) Working Groups Regional Groups European Standards Compliance monitoring Data Managemet Analysis and Reporting Region A Region B Region C Region D Region E Other isolate systems Activated if required 5 regionálnych oblastí Nordická Kontinentálna Európa Baltik UK Írsko Iné izolované systémy
22 Výbor pre prevádzku (SOC) - regióny I FI NO SE EST Region A LV Region B Region C Region D Region E Others PT IR L ES NI UK FR BE NL L U DK DE CH IT CZ PL PL SK AT HU HU SI HR BA RU LT RS CN M E FYR AL OM GR BL RO BG UA M D TR CY
23 Výbor pre prevádzku (SOC) - regióny I FI NO SE EST Region A LV Region B Region C Region D Region E Others PT IR L ES NI UK FR BE NL L U DK DE CH IT CZ PL PL SK AT HU HU SI HR BA RU LT RS CN M E FYR AL OM GR BL RO BG UA M D TR prečo? CY
24 Výbor pre trh (MARK) Market Committee System Services and Balancing Market Management Market Structuring and Congestion Management Economic framework for TSOs ITC Steering Group Market integration of RES (*) Transparency Policy and Information Management Regional Group n 1 Regional Group n 8 (*) shared membership: System Development, Operations and Market Committees Working Groups Regional Groups
25 Výbor pre trh (MARK) 8 regionálnych oblastí Voluntary Regional Group (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland) Market Committee North Europe Baltic F + UK + EIR CWE CEE SWE CSE SEE
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