The Case Study of Japan: Rail Challenge for Efficient Passenger Transport. Toshinori ARIGA National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan 1

Transcription

1 Energy Efficiency Hub SE4ALL Workshop on Doubling the Rate of Energy Efficiency Improvement by /06/2014 The Case Study of Japan: Rail Challenge for Efficient Passenger Transport Toshinori ARIGA National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan 1

2 Outline 1. Introduction National energy consumption Regional characteristics of passenger transport 2. Case of the greater Tokyo region Current situation Characteristics of transport in Tokyo 3. Emerging issues & ongoing policies Facing issues Challenge Ongoing policies 4. Prospects Mileage Land use scenario analysis Financial policy 5. Summary 2

3 1. Introduction 3

4 1.1 National energy consumption Energy use in transport sector Transport sector accounts for 23.3% of whole energy consumption in 2007 Agency for Natural Resources and Energy: Energy in Japan 4

5 1.1 National energy consumption Energy use and efficiency of transport Passenger automobile travels accounts for more than half of the consumption in transportation sector in The efficiency of rail is more than six times as high as that of automobile. Cargo Energy use in transport sector Ship 2.9% Air 0.6% Rail 4.3% Bus 1.8% Passenger Energy efficiency in passenger transport KJ/(passenger-kilometre) Rail 405 Automobile 30.1% 3,785,173 TJ Bus Automobile Air 749 1,604 2,618 Rail 0.2% Air 3.6% Ship 1.6% Automobile 54.8% Remake of 交通関連統計資料集 2007 by Ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and Tourism It is important to watch passenger automobile travels to achieve efficient energy consumption in transport sector. 5

6 1.2 Regional characteristics Emission by municipalities Note: Please replace emission to energy efficiency in this page to understand our main theme. We have calculated origin-based automobile emission in each municipality according to Vehicle Kilometres Traveled (VKT) in traffic census of Edge of greater Tokyo High Central Tokyo Low National Institute for Environmental Studies: 環境展望台 6

7 km/person g-co 2 /km t-co 2 /person 1.2 Regional characteristics Emission by city groups Note: Please replace emission to energy efficiency in this page to understand our main theme. Vehicle Kilometres Traveled (VKT) per capita in large cities have turned to decrease after 2000, where that of small cities are still growing. Mileage has improving overall, however emission factor varies by the trend of car size. VKT per capita Emission Factor CO 2 emission per capita Towns& Villages Small cities Large cities Central Tokyo

8 1.2 Regional characteristics Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya Urban Area Weekday Modal share by region in 2010 Holiday Other (Provincial) Urban Area Weekday Holiday Rail Bus Auto mobile Bike Walk & Others Ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and Tourism: 全国都市交通特性調査

9 2. Case of the greater Tokyo region 9

10 2.1 Current situation Modal share in the greater Tokyo Many of people use railway to achieve their activities such as going to their office and shopping. Rail Bicycle Motorbike Automobile Bus Rail Central Tokyo Left: 1995 / Right: 2005 The greater Tokyo Transport Committee: 東京都市圏パーソントリップ調査結果 1995&

11 2.1 Current situation Rail network in the greater Tokyo Japan Rail 2 Metro companies 8 major private railway companies Other private railway companies Yahoo Maps 11

12 2.2 Characteristics of Transport in Tokyo Provision of attractive rail service Reliable service Safe service Frequent service Reasonable fare Smart Pay (IC card) Through service to metro/commuter rail Smooth transfer to another mode at stations Bus, Bicycle, Private car (Park & Ride, Kiss & Ride) 12

13 Reliable service Rail is much more Punctual than automobile. In case trains delay, you can get its latest information everywhere. At stations On trains On PC, smart phone Certification of delay is available on either stations or on the web. 13

14 Safe service Rail is the safest transport mode in Japan. Few accidents involve fatalities of passenger Everyone can use trains without any concerns at any times, including early morning and midnight. 14

15 Frequent service Rail service in urban area provides basically every 10 min. ride. 15

16 Reasonable fare Everyone can take trains. Fare starts from 140 yen (1.4 USD, 1.0 EUR) 30km ride: 470 yen (4.7 USD, 3.3 EUR) 16

17 Smart Pay (IC card) Effective on any railway companies in Japanese large cities Now expanding effective areas and businesses Intercity (Shinkansen), Small cities bus, taxi, convenience store, supermarket, bookstore, restaurant,. 17

18 Through service to metro/commuter rail Passengers do not have to change between a commuter rail and a metro line. A border station between railway companies 18

19 Smooth transfer to another mode at stations Most of suburb stations have bicycle parking. Bicycle is the most popular mode between home and its nearest station. High bicycle ownership 0.77 bicycles/person (Saitama Pref. in greater Tokyo) 19

20 2.2 Characteristics of Transport in Tokyo Management of automobile demand Parking fee Tokyo has few policies to refraining from entering too much private cars in CBD such as congestion charging, but expensive parking fee makes people not to come to CBD by their private car. 20

21 2.2 Characteristics of Transport in Tokyo Transit oriented development (TOD) Japanese business model of TOD Major private railway companies purchased huge land after World War II and developed both rail networks and land. They built residences, department stores, supermarkets, stadiums and amusement parks as well as attracted universities and offices, along their railway lines. As a result, people can access most of activities on the railway lines. The railway companies can earn from not only rail transport but also their side business such as real estate and retail sales. 21

22 Development of a Private Railway company Residence Department store CBD University Department store Through to metro line Stadium Amusement park 22

23 3. Emerging issues & ongoing policies 23

24 3.1 Facing issues Change of lifestyle & holiday trips As many attractive large shopping malls have emerged in suburban area, less people go shopping on railway lines and more people go to large shopping mall in suburban area by private car. A large shopping mall in suburban area Closed shops near a station 24

25 3.1 Facing issues Demographic change Aging society and depopulation Not only small size cities but also mid- and large- size cities are facing depopulation. Elderly people are increasing, who need public transport. However they do not use every day unlike commuters. passengers will decrease unless we implement any policies mio 125 mio National Institute of Population and Social Security Research: Population & Household 25

26 3.1 Facing issues Limit of independent accounting system It would become difficult to maintain public transport due to decreasing passengers as long as they are financially independent. 26

27 3.2 Challenge Challenge How can we maintain public transportation services? To build attractive public transport To manage automobile demand To introduce transit oriented development (TOD) 27

28 3.2 Challenge Reconsidering TOD (1) Urban area spread not only near railway stations but also whole city due to shortage of land and motorization. We need to consider how to shrink urban area. TOD would be one of the solutions. Old days Compactness Scenario Current Dispersion Scenario Ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism: 社会資本整備 28

29 3.2 Challenge Reconsidering TOD (2) TOD could prevent increasing Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT), because More people use non-automobile transport such as public transport, bike and walk. More people do not have to go farther place to need same activities. 29

30 3.3 Ongoing policies Current policies of railway companies Redevelopment of train depots Railway companies save train depot space in central Tokyo by through service to another line. Tokyo Skytree Tower mansion Shopping complex Office building Eki-naka (inside station) project Various functions in stations Shopping mall Sports club Nursery Voting station (coming soon) 30

31 Train depots Redevelopment of train depots CBD CBD 31

32 Eki-naka (inside station) Project Station is not only the place where people get on & off, but also place where people do various activities. 32

33 4. Prospects 33

34 4.1 Prospect of mileage Improvement of energy consumption Energy consumption is expected to improved, as Mileage of average car will be estimated to improve from current 15km/l to 22km/l in Widespread use of hybrid and plug-in is expected. Switching automobile to the smaller vehicle, such as compact size e-mobility and mobility scooter, is expected. 34

35 4.2 Land use scenario analysis Relation between automobile CO2 Emission and population distribution Automobile CO2 Emission Population distribution National Institute for Environmental Studies: 環境展望台 35

36 4.2 Land use scenario analysis 一人当たり乗用車 t-co 2 CO /person 2 排出量 (t-co 2 / 人 ) Emission by Subregion In high density area, many people use public transportation and therefore their emission is a few Yearly CO 2 emission per capita by density 1000 人未満 999/km 2 or less 1000~ ~ ~ 1000 人以上 3000 人以上 人以上 年次 Year Ariga. T. and K. Matsuhashi (2013) 36

37 Compactness Scenario 2030 Dispersion Scenario population density Population 688, ,000 Population Share 3.9% 7.8% 41.0% 47.4% 3.5% 6.0% 33.8% 56.6% 4.6% 6.6% 47.1% 41.7% CO 2 emission per capita 0.62t-CO t-CO 2 (-8.1%) 0.66t-CO 2 (+6.5%) Scenario analysis Sagamihara City, Suburb of Tokyo 37 八王子市厚木市町田市相模原市愛川町多摩市城山町稲城市座間市大和市瀬谷区 八王子市厚木市町田市相模原市愛川町多摩市城山町稲城市座間市大和市瀬谷区 八王子市厚木市町田市相模原市愛川町多摩市城山町稲城座間市大和市瀬谷 999/km 2 or less 1000~ ~ or more 4.2 Land use scenario analysis Ariga. T. and K. Matsuhashi (2013)

38 4.3 Financial policy Tax and Financial Support Most public transports are now in charge of self-support accounting. If the government supports some of their cost, the TOD could be more effective for energy use. In fact, a carbon tax, what we call tax for global warming, is now under consideration by the government to promote use of public transport. 38

39 5. Summary 39

40 5 Summary For achieving efficient passenger transport, important things would be To build attractive public transport To manage automobile demand To introduce transit oriented development (TOD) 40

41 Thank you for your attention! 41