Urban Mobility and Energy Trends in Istanbul

Transcription

1 Round Table National experiences in control of the energy on the sector of building» Event Energaia, December 10-12, 2008 Urban Mobility and Energy Trends in Istanbul Haluk GERÇEK (PhD), Istanbul Technical University

2 OUTLINE 1. Basic Data 2. Travel Demand, Mobility and Energy Trends 3. Energy Consumption and Emissions 4. Sustainabilty Issues : Are we going in the right direction? Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

3 Basic Data... Population 12.5 million (2007) Area Average Density 5343 km inhabitants per km2 GRDP per Capita 5482 $ Persons per Sq Km Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

4 Population Growth Population Years Annual Growth Rate (%) , , , , ,30 Year Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

5 Source: Kemper, G, et al. (2000), Monitoring Land Use Dynamics for the City of Istanbul, Final Report. Land Use in % 0% 6% 44% 43% 6% Housing Agricultural Land Industry, Commerce, Transportation Natural Areas Urban Green Areas Rivers & Lakes

6 Source: Kemper, G, et al. (2000), Monitoring Land Use Dynamics for the City of Istanbul, Final Report. Urban Sprawl and Land Use in % 1% 17% 37% 28% 14% Housing Agricultural Land Industry, Commerce, Transportation Natural Areas Urban Green Areas Rivers & Lakes

7 Source: Kemper, G, et al. (2000), Monitoring Land Use Dynamics for the City of Istanbul, Final Report. Urban Sprawl and Land Use in % 1% 22% 40% 17% 17% Housing Agricultural Land Industry, Commerce, Transportation Natural Areas Urban Green Areas Rivers & Lakes

8 Public Transport bus routes and 123 minibus routes provide service for over 5 million passengers daily on a network of 6,100 km. In 2006, Municipality sea transport operator (IDO) carried 243,000 passengers daily while privately operated ferries carried 84,000 passengers. 8

9 Rail Transport... Rail network of 138 km carries over 1 million passengers daily. Commuter railway (TCDD) Metro, LRT and trams 72 km 263,000 pax 66 km 832,000 pax 9

10 Rail Projects Under Construction... Project / Route Name Type Length (km) Operation Date Cost ( M $) Taksim - Yenikapı Metro 5.9 March Kadıköy - Kartal Metro 21.7 December ,100 4.Levent - Darüşşafaka Metro 8.0 March Otogar - Bağcılar LRT 5.4 December ,250 Bağcılar - İkitelli - Olimpiyat Köyü Metro 15.9 December Marmaray Metro 76.5 March ,000 Aksaray - Yenikapı LRT 0.7 March Topkapı - Edirrnekapı -Sulatançiftliği Tramway 15.5 June Total ,210 Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

11 Motorization... Rapid increase of motor vehicles In 2007, 2.3 million motor vehicles (20 % of Turkey s total) and 1.7 million cars (26.4 % of Turkey s total) 114 cars per 1000 inhabitants in % of HH have no car. In 2023, car owning HH will increase to 65 % Cars Motor Vehicles Population

12 Trip Production Rates and Modal-Split Trip rate 1,44 1,54 1,74 Walk (%) 39, ,3 Mode (*) Car 19,3 19,3 26,3 Taxi+Dolmuş 10,2 9,4 4,8 Company/School Buses 10,4 11,4 21,5 Bus 35,2 34,1 24,1 Minibus 19 19,6 16,7 Rail 3,8 3,6 4,6 Sea 2,1 2,6 2,0 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

13 Desire Lines of Urban Travels... Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

14 Travel Time... Average travel time has decreased steadily in the last 20 years. Motorized travel time has increased 20 % in the last decade. High traffic congestion at low level of car ownership. Average Travel Time (Minute) 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 52,8 48, ,0 40,7 38,0 34,3 32,2 10,0 15,5 22,0 16,0 0,0 Motorised (min) Walk (min) Total (min) 14

15 Travel Distance... Average motorized travel distance has decreased in the last decade mainly for two reasons: a) polycentric development of city, b) shorter HBO and NHB trips to avoid long delays in traffic. Average Motorised Trip Length by Purpose (Km) HBW HBS HBO NHB Total 15

16 Road Safety... Between 1999 and 2007, Road accidents per 1 million vehicle has decreased by 28% Fatalites per 1 million vehicle has decreased by 40%, and Injuries per 1 million vehicle has decreased by 32% Accidents Fatalities Injuries Source: Turkish Statistics Institute (TUIK). 16

17 Growing consumption (from 3.2 Mtoe in 1970 to 14.9 Mtoe in 2006) High dependence on oil (98%) Energy Consumption... 17

18 Energy Consumption in Turkey... Transport share: EU % EU % Turkey 14.9 % Mtoe (2006) Total Industry Transport Households Services etc. EU EU Turkey Final Energy Consumption by Sector (%) (2006) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Services etc. Households Transport Industry 0% EU 27 EU 25 Turkey Source: Eurostat (2007). 18

19 Road Transport Fuel Consumption in Istanbul... Increase between 1990 and 2007: Diesel Fuel 16.3 % Gasoline 25.1 % Fuel Consumption in the Road Transport Sector in Istanbul 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 (Ton) 1,000, , , , , Gasoline Diesel Fuel LPG Source: PETDER (Turkish Oil Industry Association) 19

20 Urban Form and Energy Consumption in 30 Large Cities GJ/ha Houston 70 Phoenix Detroit Denver 60 Los Angeles San Fransisco Boston 50 Washington DC Chicago New York 40 Perth 30 Adelaide Sydney Brisbane Melbourne Toronto 20 Hamburg Frankfurt Stockholm Zurich 10 Paris London Copenhagen Brussels Munich Vienna Amsterdam West Berlin Singapore Tokyo Hong Kong 0 Moskow Source: Newman & Kenworthy,

21 CO2 Emissions from Road Transport in Istanbul... Between 1990 and % in total Ton per capita per annum From 0.90 to 0.71 CO2 Emissions From Road Transport in Istanbul M Ton LPG Gasoline Diesel Fuel 21

22 Policy Tools... The policy tools can be grouped into 3 main categories: 1. Infrastructure provision 2. Transportation demand management (TDM) 3. Information technology for operators and users (IT) Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

23 Projects, Objectives and Policy Tools... How well do policies use both demand-side and supplyside measures? INFRASTRUCTURE TDM IT Major Projects 3rd Bosporus Bridge Bosporus Road Tunnel Urban Road Tunnels Flyovers Marmaray Rail Transit Projects Park & Ride Facilities BRT Ferries & Seabuses Bikeways Pedestrian pathways Alternate work & school schedule Parking charges Company & school buses Akbil (Smart ticket) IT for users & operators Objectives Reducing congestion? Improving access? Reducing congestion Improving access Improving transport safety Reducing GHG emissions Improving air quality DO NOT EXIST Reducing congestion Improving access Reducing congestion 23

24 Needs for Sustainable Policies... Give sufficient emphasis on longer term impacts.(i.e., reducing GHG and improving air quality are). Policy makers tend to focus on current needs and overlook longer term problems) Give more emphasis on demand-side measures. Major infrastructure projects eventually create their induced traffic. Consider a package of solutions. No one type of policy will solve transportation problems. We can not built sufficient new infrastructure to overcome congestion. Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

25 Needs for Sustainable Policies... Develop a financial strategy associated with a specific transportation strategy. Give emphasis on non-motorised transport (walking and biking). Maintain and create choices for mobility. Set targets for sustainability indicators. For instance, London plans to reduce CO 2 by 30 % before Increase public awareness and foster a sense of individual and collective responsibility through education and campaignes. Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

26 Future Land-Use Plan... In 2023, Population 16 M Daily trips increase 60 % Passenger-km increase 160 % Source: IMP, JICA (2007) Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

27 Future Transport Infrastructure km 13.6 km tunnel (1.4 km immersed tube tunnel) 40 stations Capacity: 75,000 pphpd Round Table Urban Transport Experiences» Event Energaia, December 10-12,

28 Thank you