Vunivau, Bua Province Vanua Levu, Fiji Solar Home System Design. Luis A. Vega, Ph.D.
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1 Vunivau, Bua Province Vanua Levu, Fiji Solar Home System Design Luis A. Vega, Ph.D.
2 Design Approach Choose design Insolation Determine battery capacity and relationship between controller LVD and DOD Determine PV array current output as function of Insolation Assess charge /discharge daily cycle for required load (Ah) SHS Design 2
3 Design Insolation Nabouwalu Insolation records used for design of Bua Province Solar-Home- Systems SHS Design 3
4 Nabouwalu Insolation kwh/m^2-day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 4
5 Nabouwalu, Fiji: Pyranometer and Satellite (Cell: 280 km x 280 km) Satellite ( ) 1998 Average kwh/m^2-day Pyranometer Average Satellite "Corrected" Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 5
6 Component Selection Battery Voltage Regulator (Controllers), Inverters, Batteries, Lights and Pre-Payment devices were tested at Kahua Ranch, Hawaii Shell Solar PowerHouse integrated system was selected with batteries from Pacific Batteries Ltd, Fiji SHS Design 6
7 Design Data Requirements (Kahua Test Center & Nabouwalu Hybrid) For design applications (e.g., PV-lights, Wind Farms) Solar (insolation) and Wind (speed and direction) parameters should be sampled every one to two seconds and recorded in the form of averages for an interval of 10-minutes to 60-minutes The standard deviation and extreme samples (e.g., max and min sample) should also be recorded SHS Design 7
8 Measurement Requirements (Kahua Test Center & Nabouwalu Hybrid) Parameter Wind Speed Insolation Current (240 VDC Hybrid) Current (12 VDC SHS) Voltage (240 VDC Hybrid) Voltage (12 VDC SHS) Uncertainty ± 0.5 m/s ± 10 W/m 2 ± 1.2 A ± 0.1 A ± 1 VDC ± 0.1 VDC SHS Design 8
9 Measurement Requirements (continuation) By Uncertainty I mean that given a large measurement sample, the true value of a parameter, P, lies in the range: P ± Uncertainty Uncertainty should be estimated from endto-end calibration (from sensor element to recording device). Typically, it is given by standard deviation of recorded data SHS Design 9
10 Solar Home System Selected Shell Solar PowerHouse from South Africa 20 Ah/day 100 Wp of PV panels (6 14 V) 100 Ah, 12 V deep cycle battery charge controller pre-payment meter SHS Design 10
11 July 8-10, 1999 Kahua Test Center SHS Component Evaluation Insolation W/m2 Bat1LdACWatts Bat1Volt Date SHS Design 11 Insolation, W/m^2 0:05:36 2:35:36 5:05:36 7:35:36 10:05:36 12:35:36 15:05:36 17:35:36 20:05:36 22:35:36 1:05:36 3:35:36 6:05:36 8:35:36 11:05:36 13:35:36 16:05:36 18:35:36 21:05:36 23:35:36 2:05:36 4:35:36 7:05:36 9:35:36 12:05:36 14:35:36 17:05:36 19:35:36 22:05:36 AC LOad, W or Battery Voltage Invrt Eff W Invrt Load
12 July 8-10, 1999 Kahua Test Center: SHS Inverter Evaluation Insolation W/m2 Calc.Bat1DCWatts Bat1LdACWatts VA W Date SHS Design 12 0 Insolation, W/m^2 0:05:36 2:35:36 5:05:36 7:35:36 10:05:36 12:35:36 15:05:36 17:35:36 20:05:36 22:35:36 1:05:36 3:35:36 6:05:36 8:35:36 11:05:36 13:35:36 16:05:36 18:35:36 21:05:36 23:35:36 2:05:36 4:35:36 7:05:36 9:35:36 12:05:36 14:35:36 17:05:36 19:35:36 22:05:36 W or VA
13 June 29, 1999 Kahua Test Center: SHS Tests 13 7:35:36 8:25:36 9:15:36 10:05:36 10:55:36 11:45:36 12:35:36 13:25:36 14:15:36 15:05:36 15:55:36 16:45:36 17:35:36 18:25:36 19:15:36 20:05:36 20:55:36 21:45:36 22:35:36 23:25:36 2:35:36 3:25:36 4:15:36 5:05:36 5:55:36 6:45:36 1:45:36 Date :05:36 0:55:36 Insolation, W/m^2 PV1, Amperes 6.4 kwh/m^2-day Sunsaver Charge Controller at work
14 22:35:36 23:25: June 29, 1999 SHS Test: Sunsaver-10 Controller 14 20:05:36 20:55:36 21:45:36 18:25:36 19:15:36 16:45:36 17:35:36 1:45:36 2:35:36 3:25:36 4:15:36 5:05:36 5:55:36 6:45:36 7:35:36 8:25:36 9:15:36 10:05:36 10:55:36 11:45:36 12:35:36 13:25:36 14:15:36 15:05:36 15:55:36 Date :05:36 0:55:36 Voltage PV1 Amperes Constant Voltage Regulation: 14.4 V
15 May 24, 2000 SHS Test at Kahua: Shell Controller Charge Regime with Set Points Indicated (10-minute Averages) 15 2:34:54 3:24:54 4:14:54 5:04:54 5:54:54 6:44:54 7:34:54 8:24:54 9:14:54 10:04:54 10:54:54 11:44:54 12:34:54 13:24:54 14:14:54 15:04:54 15:54:54 16:44:54 17:34:54 18:24:54 19:14:54 20:04:54 20:54:54 21:44:54 22:34:54 23:24:54 1:44:54 Date :04:54 0:54:54 Insolation, W/m^2 Battery Voltage Absorb: Voltage kept between 14.1 and 14.7 V (gasssing regulation) Bulk Charge: PV output directly connected to battery Float: Voltage between 12.8 and 13.5 V (voltage regulation)
16 Battery Capacity Experimental determination of battery capacity: Ah at a given discharge rate Information used to determine relationship between battery depth-of-discharge (DOD) and battery voltage (V) under load Batteries similar to those available from Pacific Batteries Ltd were tested SHS Design 16
17 NAPA Battery Discharge Test (10-minute averages) Rest Voltage: 12.8; Load: 3.4 A Voltage under Load * 24.6 hours under load * 82 VDC ("fully" discharged) Ah SHS Design 17
18 DOD as a Function of Voltage 82 Ah NAPA Battery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% DOD 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% y = x x % Voltage under Load (3.4 A) SHS Design 18
19 SHS Design Procedure Discuss spread sheet model SHS SOC Design see hand out #15 The following two Figures are output from the model SHS Design 19
20 6 Insolation in Nabouwalu available for 17 Ah/day SHS with Flooded Lead Acid 82 Ah Battery and Controller LVD at 84.5 % (11.5 V) DOD 90% Sun Peak Hours, kwh/m^2-day Annual Average: 4.6 Sun peak hours 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% DOD at 2400 hours 0 0% Consecutive Days (May-July) Low Insolation Quarter
21 Ah NAPA (82 Ah) Battery Charge-Discharge Cycle for Nabouwalu Lowest Insolation Months Battery Capacity at 0000 and 1800, from 0000 May 1 to 2400 July 31 21
22 Array-to-Load Ratio To optimize battery life, the array average-daily- Ah-output should be at least 1.3 times the averagedaily-load (Ah) during the month with lowest Insolation With 3 A modules in a site with lowest Insolation month at 3 kwh/m 2 -day and daily load of 17 Ah (3.4A x 5h) the array current output should be at least 7.4 A (=17 x 1.3/3) requiring 3 modules. Alternatively, users could lower load to 13.6 Ah (3.4A x 4h) requiring 2 modules SHS Design 22
23 Pole Embedment Depth To select pole embedment depth the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Manual was used See hand-out # 16A Bua Pole Cohesive Soil Embedment Depth For 5 m x 20 cm diameter pine poles and embedment depth of 1.5 m was selected SHS Design 23
24 Home Work: Design SHS Group A) Use Monosavu Insolation* Group B) Use Nadi Insolation* *[Insolation Data Records: File #10]
25 Generalities Highest values at Nadi Airport with long-term annual average of daily insolation at 5.1 kwh/m 2 Vanua Balavu, in Lau Group, yields a value of 5 kwh/m 2 Around Bua Province (Vanua Levu) the value is ~ 4.5 kwh/m 2 Lowest value at Monosavu Dam (808 m elevation) with long-term annual average of daily insolation at 3.7 kwh/m 2 SHS Design 25
26 kwh/m^2-day Nadi Airport: Monthly Averages of Daily Insolation Source: Daily Averages from Fiji Meteorological Service ( ) Month SHS Design Avrg
27 Monosavu: Monthly Averages of Daily Insolation Source: Daily Averages from Fiji Meteorological Service ( ) 8 7 kwh/m^2-day Avrg Month SHS Design 27
28 Home Work (continuation) Service load of 17 Ah/day is target You have 50 Wp (3A) & 75 Wp (4.5 A) modules available (for Bua Province with Nabouwalu Insolation 2 x 50 Wp modules were required for service 365 days/year) Be creative, in addition to baseline design consider variations (e.g., reduce load, less than 365 days/year, etc.) SHS Design 28
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