Electric Vehicles On-Board Battery Charger for the Future Smart Grids.

Transcription

1 Víor Moneiro, João C. Ferreira, Andrés A. Nogueiras Meléndez, João L. Afonso Elecric Vehicles On-Board Baery Charger for he Fuure Smar Grids Technological Innovaion for he Inerne of Things, 1s ed., Luis M. Camarinha-Maos, Slavisa Tomic, Paula Graca, Ed. Springer, 2013, Chaper 38, pp hp://link.springer.com/chaper/ %2f _38 ISSN: ISBN: (Prin) ISBN: (Online) DOI: / _38 This maerial is posed here according wih: The Auhor may self-archive an auhor-creaed version of his/her Conribuion on his/her own websie and/or in his/her insiuional reposiory, including his/her final version. He/she may also deposi his version on his/her funder s or funder s designaed reposiory a he funder s reques or as a resul of a legal obligaion, provided i is no made publicly available unil 12 monhs afer official publicaion SPRINGER

2 Víor Moneiro, João C. Ferreira, Andrés A. Nogueiras Meléndez, João L. Afonso. Elecric Vehicles On- Board Baery Charger for he Fuure Smar Grids, in Technological Innovaion for he Inerne of Things, 1s ed., Luis M. Camarinha-Maos, Slavisa Tomic, Paula Graca, Ed. Springer, 2013, Chaper 38, pp ISSN: , ISBN: (Prin) (Online), DOI: / _38 Elecric Vehicles On-Board Baery Charger for he Fuure Smar Grids Víor Moneiro 1, João C. Ferreira 1, Andrés A. Nogueiras Meléndez 2, João L. Afonso 1 1 Cenro Algorimi Universiy of Minho Guimarães, Porugal 2 Deparameno de Tecnología Elecrónica, Universiy of Vigo Vigo, Spain 1 {vior.moneiro, joao.ferreira, 2 aauguso@uvigo.es Absrac. The recen and massive invesmens in Elecric Vehicles (EVs) reveal a change of paradigm in he ranspors secor and he proliferaion of EVs will conribue o an effecive reducion in he emissions of greenhouse gases. Neverheless, for he elecrical power grids EVs will be exra loads, which will require he demand energy o charge heir baeries. Wih he adven of he Smar Grids, besides he usual baery charging mode (Grid-o-Vehicle G2V), where he baeries receives energy from he power grid, arises a new concep for he users of EVs and for he power grid marke, denominaed as Vehicle-o-Grid (V2G). In he V2G operaion mode, EVs reurn o he power grid par of he energy sored in heir baeries. The V2G concep requires he use of baery chargers for he EVs wih bidirecional power flow capabiliy and bidirecional communicaion wih he Smar Grids hrough Informaion and Communicaion Technology (ICT) applicaions. I is imporan o highligh ha he proliferaion of EVs and he impac of heir baery chargers on he power grid qualiy is a maer of concern, since convenional chargers presen curren harmonics and power facor problems. In his paper i is presened he preliminary sudies resuling from a PhD work abou a bidirecional baery charger for EVs, which was designed o operae in collaboraion wih he power grid as G2V and V2G hrough an ICT applicaion. In his way, i is expecable o conribue o he echnological innovaion of he elecric mobiliy in Smar Grids. To assess he behavior of he proposed baery charger under differen scenarios of operaion, a prooype has been developed, and some simulaion and experimenal resuls of he baery charger are presened. Keywords: Baery Charger, Communicaion Sysem, Elecric Vehicles, Smar Grids, Grid-o-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-o-Grid (V2G) 1 Inroducion The upcoming realiy of Smar Grids and energy markes will raise a diversiy of advanages o he end-user. However, i will require several echnologic developmens aiming he ineracion of he users as acive players. The recen increase in he uiliza- adfa, p. 1, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

3 ion of Elecric Vehicles (EVs) wih differen archiecures represens a real conribuion o a new ranspors paradigm, a gain for independence of he cos of he oil, and also an effecive figh agains he climaic changes. Effecively, he EVs are seen as one of he mos promising means in order o improve he susainabiliy of he ransporaion and energy secors in near-erm [1][2]. The EVs in conjuncion wih Informaion and Communicaion Technology (ICT) applicaions will play an imporan role o achieve a susainable balance beween producion and consumpion, and increase he power qualiy and he reliabiliy of he power grids. The fuure Smar Grids are he consequence of his new paradigm for he power grids. Smar Grids are no characerized as a paricular echnology or device, bu raher as a vision of a disribued elecrical sysem, suppored by reference echnologies, as example, he aforemenioned ICT, Advanced Meering Infrasrucures (AMI), Energy Sorage Sysems (ESS), Micro Generaion (MG), and Power Elecronics Sysems (PES). Thereby, he acual power grids will be ransformed on a coordinaed, collaboraive [3], and auomaic infrasrucure [4][5][6]. Nowadays, wih he recen be in EVs around he world, he acual elecrical power grids are facing new challenges, forcing o a wide effors of invesigaion in differen direcions [7], mainly aking ino accoun heir inegraion [8][9][10]. Consequenly, a considerable amoun of energy is sored in he baeries of hese vehicles. Thus, besides he charging process (Grid-o-Vehicle G2V), he energy sored in EVs baeries may be suiable for providing regulaion services, spinning reserves and peak power demand. This ineraciviy beween he vehicles and he power grid is expeced o be one of he key echnologies in he fuure of he Smar Grids, denominaed Vehicle o Grid (V2G) [11][12]. Fig. 1 shows a draf of a scenario for a Smar Grid, where he inegraion of EVs represens he core of he conex for his paper. Power Flow and Informaion and Communicaion Technology (ICT) in Smar Grids Renewables (eolic and phoovolaic) Collaboraive Broker Off-Board Charging Saions Energy Sorage Sysems (ESS) Power Grid Evs and PHEVs Companies and Old Houses Renewables MicroGeneraion (MG) Smar Houses Unidirecional Flow of Energy Bidirecional Flow of Energy Bidirecional Daa Informaion Fig. 1. Scenario for a Smar Grid, where he inegraion of EVs wih bidirecional power flow and communicaion capabiliies represens he core of he conex for his paper.

4 This paper resuls from a PhD work ha is ye in he firs year, and presens a bidirecional baery charger for EVs based on PES wih ICT capabiliies. This equipmen allows miigae problems associaed wih power qualiy (as disored curren consumpion and low power facor), enables he operaion of EVs as local ESS, and represens an imporan conribue o he echnological innovaion, and o he efficiency and reliabiliy of he elecric mobiliy in Smar Grids. 2 Conribuion o Inerne of Thinks The Funcional Areas in Smar Grids represens all he sysems relaed wih he producion, ransmission and disribuion [13][14], and considering Advanced Meering Infrasrucure (AMI) and ICT [15][16]. In he elecric mobiliy i is imporan provide he EVs wih ICT sysems in order o esablish a bidirecional flux of informaion o ensure ha he baeries are charged when he elecriciy is cheapes and he impac on he grid is smalles. Wih a coordinaed charging process of EVs he energy losses in he disribuion sysem are minimized [17]. To reach his goal, he baeries charging process needs assisance of an inelligen process in order o find he periods wih cheaper prices o charge he baeries, o idenify he available charging slos in public and privae areas, and o provide oher useful informaion o he drivers, as heir hisoric use [18][19]. This heme, including supervision, conrol and communicaion applicaions, will be he final opic ha will be addressed in he PhD work. The main goal is esablish a bidirecional flux of informaion beween he EVs and he power grids aiming o define sraegies of cooperaion o he G2V and V2G modes of operaion [20]. In order o conribue o he echnological innovaion of he elecric mobiliy in Smar Grids, he bidirecional baery charger for EVs presened in his paper was designed o operae in collaboraion wih he power grid as G2V and V2G hrough an ICT applicaion [21]. This way, i will be possible exchange informaion hrough he inerne, conribuing o srenghening he Inerne of Things and he impac of he elecric mobiliy in he Smar Grids. As aforemenioned, besides he bidirecional flow of acive power, hrough he power facor conrol, i is also possible conrol he reacive power in accordance wih he capabiliies of he baery charger [22]. In Fig. 2 is shown he inegraion of EVs in he power grid considering he acive and reacive bidirecional power flow of he presened baery charger. Power Grid P Acive Power Q Reacive Power P P P Q P Q Elecric Vehicle Baery Charger P Baeries Informaion and Communicaion Technology Fig. 2. Smar Grid considering he inegraion of EVs wih bidirecional power flow.

5 3 On-Board Baery Charger Elecric Vehicles are becoming a par of he elecric power grid and consequenly he baery chargers of hese vehicles should have he abiliy o avoid power qualiy problems [23][24]. Even more, he EVs power sages can also assume, if needed, he role of he acive power qualiy filers. The baery charger presened in his paper is a device ha is composed by wo power elecronics converers used o adap he AC elecrical energy ino DC (AC-DC converer) and o conrol he oupu volage or currens levels (DC-DC converer). To conribue o he power qualiy in he fuure Smar Grids, he baery chargers should consume sinusoidal curren wih conrolled power facor. In Fig. 3 is presened he schemaic of he firs prooype of baery charger developed during he PhD work. v i i i AC-DC DC-DC v o i o Power Grid i s v s L1/2 L1/2 G1T vc G2T C1 G3T L2 i ba Baeries G1B G2B G3B C2 v ba G1T G1B G2T G2B G3T G3B Fig. 3. Schemaic of he presened bidirecional power converer. 3.1 Modes of Operaion Signal Condiioning and errors deecor (over-volages and over-currens) Drivers Errors signals Command Drivers Command signals User Inerface ADCs inpus DSP microconroller In an early sage, in order o analyses he operaion of he converers in boh modes of operaion was developed a simulaion model using he simulaion ool PSIM, and were realized differen compuer simulaions. In Fig. 4 are shown some simulaions resuls obained during he operaion of he bidirecional power converers. ICT v() i() v() i() v() i() v() i() (a) v() i() α =0 0 α =180 0 (c) (e) (g) v() i() α =90 0 α = <α <90 0 (b) (d) (f) (h) v() i() 90 0 <α < <α < <α <360 0 Fig. 4. Summary of some simulaion resuls considering he volage and he curren in he elecrical power grid and adjusing he reacive power. v() i()

6 3.2 Digial Conrol Sysem In a firs sage of he PhD work, in his prooype, he operaion of he baery charger occur in accordance wih he orders given, according o he demands of he user of he EV, which define when i works as G2V and V2G, and he value of reacive power o be produced. The communicaion wih he power grid hrough an ICT applicaion, insead he user, will be developed along he PhD work where his paper is encompassed. In Fig. 5 are presened he conrol algorihms for he AC-DC and DC-DC converers. (a) v s PLL cos(ө) sin(ө) 2 V s Q RMS V s 2 Vcc Conrol Curren Conrol PWM Modulaor P V s i s i s -1 fs = 20kHz Drivers of he IGBTs of he AC-DC Converer (b) Curren Conrol PWM Modulaor P Drivers of he i s 2 IGBTs of he AC-DC Converer -1 V s i s fs = 20kHz (c) vba and iba Conrol v ba v ba i ba i ba PWM Modulaor fs = 20kHz Drivers of he G3T IGBT of he DC-DC Converer (d) vdc Conrol PWM Modulaor Drivers of he G3B IGBT of he DC-DC Converer fs = 20kHz Fig. 5. Conrol algorihms: AC-DC converer operaing as G2V (a) and V2G (b); DC-DC converer operaing as G2V (c) and V2G (d).

7 4 Experimenal Resuls In order o assess he operaion of he on-board baery charger under differen modes of operaion was developed he prooype presened in Fig. 6 aiming o be inegraed in an EV wih Absorbed Glass Ma baeries wih nominal volage 96 V and nominal capaciy 33 Ah. Preliminary experimenal resuls are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 6. On-board baery charger prooype developed o operae as G2V and V2G conrolled hrough an ICT applicaion, o be implemened in an Elecric Vehicle. 250 V 40 A 250 V 40 A (a) vi (b) vi ii 0 V 0 A 0 V 0 A ii -250 V 250 V -40 A -250 V 40 A 250 V -40 A 40 A (c) v i (d) v i i i i i 0 V 0 A 0 V 0 A -250 V -40 A -250 V -40 A Fig. 7. Experimenal resuls wih conrolling of he acive and reacive power: (a) G2V mode wih uniary power facor; (b) V2G mode; (c) G2V mode wih capaciive power facor; (d) G2V mode wih inducive power facor.

8 5 Conclusions and Furher Work In his paper was presened an on-board baery charger for Elecric Vehicles (EVs) aiming heir inegraion in Smar Grids. This baery charger allows he ineracion wih he elecrical power grid o charge he baeries (Grid-o-Vehicle - G2V mode), or o deliver par of he sored energy in he baeries back o he power grid (Vehicleo-Grid - V2G mode). The modes of operaion and he reacive power conrol are performed considering he user inerface of he EVs. However, in he final of he PhD work where his paper is encompassed, he goal is o conrol he on-board baery charger of he EV hrough an ICT applicaion aiming o allow he communicaion wih a collaboraive broker of he elecrical power grid. In a firs sage, he behavior of he bidirecional power converer was evaluaed under differen scenarios hrough compuer simulaions. Then he behavior of he bidirecional power converer was evaluaed wih a prooype, which was developed aiming o reduce is volume and weigh, in order o be inegraed in an Elecric Vehicle wih Absorbed Glass Ma (AGM) baeries. In his paper were presened he simulaions and experimenal resuls obained. 6 Acknowledgmen This work is financed by FEDER Funds, hrough he Operaional Programme for Compeiiveness Facors COMPETE, and by Naional Funds hrough FCT Foundaion for Science and Technology of Porugal, under he projecs: FCOMP FEDER and PTDC/EEA-EEL/104569/ References 1. T.Bradley, A.Frank, Design, demonsraions and susainabiliy impac assessmens for plug-in hybrid elecric vehicles, ELSEVIER, Renewable and Susainable Energy Reviews, vol.13, pp , C.Chan, A.Bouscayrol, K.Chen, Elecric, Hybrid, and Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Archiecures and Modeling, IEEE Transacions on Vehicular Technology, vol.59, pp , João C. Ferreira, A.R.Silva, Víor Moneiro, João L. Afonso, Collaboraive Broker for Disribued Energy Resources, Inernaional Symposium on Compuaional Inelligence for Engineering Sysems, Porugal, K.Moslehi, R.Kumar, A Reliabiliy Perspecive of he Smar Grid, IEEE Transacions on Smar Grid, vol.1, pp.57-64, J.Medina, N.Muller, I.Royelman, Demand Response and Disribuion Grid Operaions Opporuniies and Challenges, IEEE Transacions on Smar Grid, vol.1, pp , A.Molderink, V.Bakker, M.Bosman, J.Hurink, G.Smi, Managemen and Conrol of Domesic Smar Grid Technology, IEEE Transacions on Smar Grid, vol.1, pp , 2010.

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