Influence of Ash-Forming Gasoline Additives such as MMT on Exhaust Emissions and Performance Characteristics of PC-Engines

Transcription

1 Influence of Ash-Forming Gasoline Additives such as MMT on Exhaust Emissions and Performance Characteristics of PC-Engines Brussels, July 14, 5 Dr. Herwig Richter Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Adv. Powertrain Engineering EAV

2 MMT... Methylcyclopentadienyl-Manganese-Tricarbonyl (CH3 - C5H4)Mn(CO)3 Molecular-Weight 218,086 Manganese 54,94 (Share 25,19 mass%) Additive to increase knock-resistance of gasoline (as replacement for lead); Used in S-Africa, China, Canada; E-Europe too; Forming deposits in the combustion chamber, on the Lambda-Sensors and on the catalysts (Manganese-oxides MnO2, Mn3O4): - Increase of exhaust emissions - Loss of engine performance MMT- Fuel Additive 2 2

3 Joint investigation by AUDI, BMW, DC, Porsche und VW to demonstrate the influence of MMT- additivated fuel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in comparison with standard fuel (Super-Plus) under defined European conditions; MMT- Fuel Additive: Motivation, Objective 3 3

4 Bench-Ageings over 179 hours with 2 engines Porsche Carrera 3,6 (EU-version, MT, MJ 04) including exhaust-systems (catalysts and Lambda-sensors): Engine A: Super-Plus Engine B: Super-Plus with MMT (15 mgmn/ltr ^ 20mgMn/kg) Ageing Cycle 6000 rpm, 258 Nm/9 bar texhaust ~ 910 C 179 Hours (6400 ltr. Fuel) ~ km MMT- Fuel Additive: Procedure Idle texhaust 0 rpm, 57 Nm/2 bar texhaust ~ 350 C ~ 310 C 3000 rpm, 172 Nm/6 bar texhaust ~ 640 C 4th gear speed 55 kph accel. 0,3 m/s2 5th gear speed100 kph accel. 0,8 m/s2 10 Min min 10 min Min 10 min Min 30 min Min 1 Hour 6th gear speed 245 kph upgrade 1 % 4 4

5 Super-Plus Super-Plus with MMT MMT- Fuel Additive: Fuel Specifications Test Method Analysis Analysis Criterion Unit Nr Nr ROZ... EN 25164: MOZ... EN 25163: Density at 15 C [kg/l] ISO Vapour Pressure [kpa] pren : up to 70 C [%] pren ISO 3405: up to 100 C [%] pren ISO 3405: up to 150 C [%] pren ISO 3405: up to 180 C** [%] pren ISO 3405: Final Boiling Point [ C] pren ISO 3405: Destillation Residue [Vol.%] pren ISO 3405: S-Content [mg/kg] EN ISO 14596: Pb-Content [mg/l] EN 237: Mn-Content [mg/kg] RFA Olefins [Vol.%] ASTM D 1319: Aromatics [Vol.%] ASTM D 1319: Paraffins [Vol.%] ASTM D 1319: Benzene [Vol.%] EN 12177: Ethers (mit C5) MTBE [Vol.%] EN 1601: Total O-Content [Gew.%] EN 1601: Calculatetd Values: Lower Heat Value [MJ/kg] ASTM D CWF... ASTM C : H : O ,92:12,76:2,31 85,25:12,12:2,63 HCV/OCV/WCV 1,791:0,020:0,000 1,694:0,023:0,000 Ls

6 Measurements after 10 hours break-in and after 179 Hours ageing: WOT-Performance Exhaust emissions according EU test procedure on the dynamic engine dynamometer and with a test vehicle Porsche Carrera on the emission rolls Oxygen storage capacity of the catalysts (OSC); Additional tests after 100 hours ageing: WOT-Performance Exhaust emissions according EU test procedure on the dynamic engine dynamometer Oxygen storage capacity of the catalysts (OSC); Break-in, WOT- and emission-tests have been performed on both engines with fuel Super-Plus, emissions-tests on the rolls with EU-4 Referencefuel. MMT- Fuel Additive: Test-Plan 6 6

7 MMT- Fuel Additive: Test-Engines Porsche Carrera 7 7

8 400 Engine "A": Super-Plus Engine "B": MMT Corr. Torque [Nm] Md Pe Corr. Torque Md [Nm] Corr. Power Pe [kw] Md Pe Corr. Power Pe [kw] after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs Engine Speed n [rpm] 50 after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs Engine Speed n [rpm] 50 0 MMT- Fuel Additive: WOT-Results 8 8

9 Max. Corr. Torque Md,max [Nm] Engine "A": Super-Plus Max. red. Drehmoment [Nm] Max. red. Leistung [kw] Engine "B": MMT 5 % Loss of max. Power 3 % Loss of max. Torque Max. Corr. Power Pe,max [kw] Md,max Pe,max Md,max Pe,max after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs 0 MMT- Fuel Additive: WOT-Results 9 9

10 Exhaus Gas Back Pressure p3 [mbar] at n = 6850 rpm Engine "A": Super-Plus Abgasgegendruck p3 bei n = /min [mbar] Engine "B": MMT % Increase of Exhaust Gas Back Pressure at Rated Speed 0 after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs 0 after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs MMT- Fuel Additive: WOT-Results 10 10

11 Engine "A": Super-Plus 375 Engine "B": MMT Spec. Fuel Consumption bsfc [g/kwh] after break-in after 100 hrs after 179 hrs Spez. Kraftstoffverbrauch be [g/kwh] Brake Spec. Fuel Consumtion up to 5 % higher Engine Speed n [rpm] Engine Speed n [rpm] MMT- Fuel Additive: WOT-Results 11 11

12 Limit EU-4: 1,0 gco/km after break-in 100 Hours 179 Hours CO-Emissions [ g/km ] Limit EU-4: 0,1 ghc/km Limit EU-4: 0.08 gnox/km HC-Limit EU-4 exceeded CO HC NOx SPlus MMT SPlus MMT SPlus MMT HC-, NOx-Emissions [ g/km ] MMT- Fuel Additive: EU-Emission Tests (Dynamic Engine Test Bench) 12 12

13 Accum. HC-Emissions [ g/km ] S-Plus, after break-in S-Plus, 179 Hours MMT, after break-in MMT, 179 Hrs Speed Time [ s ] Speed [ km/h ] MMT- Fuel Additive: EU-Emission Tests (Cumulated HC-Emissions) 13 13

14 2.50 Accum. HC-Emissions/Engine-out [g/km] S-Plus, after break-in MMT, after break-in Speed S-Plus, 179 Hours MMT, 179 Hrs HC- Emissions/Engine-out 30 % higher Speed [ km/h ] Time [ s ] 0 MMT- Fuel Additive: EU-Emission Tests (Cumulated HC-Emissions/Engine-out) 14 14

15 MMT- Fuel Additive: Test Vehicle on the Emission Rolls 15 15

16 Limit EU-4: 1,0 gco/km HC-Limit EU-4 exceeded 179 Hours after break-in 179 Hours Cat.+Engine MMT 0.16 CO-Emissions [ g/km ] Cat. SPlus Cat. MMT Limit EU-4: 0,1 ghc/km Limit EU-4: 0.08 gnox/km Cat. SPlus Cat. MMT CO HC NOx HC-, NOx-Emissions [ g/km ] SPlus MMT SPlus MMT MMT MMT- Fuel Additive: EU-Emission Tests (Emission Rolls 16 16

17 Super-Plus Super-Plus with MMT MMT- Fuel Additive: Deposits in the Combustion Chambers 17 17

18 Super-Plus Super-Plus with MMT MMT - Fuel Additive: Deposits on the Spark Plugs 18 18

19 Super-Plus with MMT Super-Plus MMT- Fuel Additive: Deposits on the Catalysts (1st Brick) 19 19

20 HC-Conversion Rate [%] st Brick S-Plus MMT Exhaust Gas Temperature in Front of Catalyst [ C] 100 A/F ratio = 0,998 air flow 125 kg/h HC-Conversion Rate [%] 2nd Brick S-Plus MMT Exhaust Gas Temperature in Front of Catalyst [ C] MMT- Fuel Additive: Catalyst Performance Light-Off 20 20

21 HC-Conversion Rate [%] S-Plus MMT 20 1st Brick Air-Fuel ratio Lambda [1] air flow 125 kg/h t,exhaust gas = 450 C Lambda-amplitude +/- 4% Conversion Rate [%] NOx CO S-Plus MMT Air-Fuel Ratio Lambda [1] MMT- Fuel Additive: Catalyst Performance Lambda-Scan 21 21

22 Super-Plus pre cat. behind 1st brick Super-Plus with MMT pre cat. behind 1st brick MMT - Fuel Additive: Lambda-Sensors 22 22

23 After 179 hours bench-ageing ( ^ ~ km) with MMT-additivated fuel (15 mgmn/ltr) in comparison to operation with Super-Plus fuel: 5 % loss of max. power output 3 % loss of max. torque 6 % increase of exhaust gas backpressure 5 % increase of specific fuel consumption Exhaust Emissions have been measured on the dynamic engine test bench and on the emission rolls according EU test procedure: HC-Emissios increase by 54 % and exeed EU-4 limit (Engine-out emissions increase by ~30 %) CO-Emissions similar NOx-Emissions increase by 14 % MMT - Fuel Additive: Results (1) 23 23

24 Engine evaluation: Manganese oxide deposits in the combustion chambers and in the exhaust system; strong manganese oxide deposits impair the reliability of the spark plugs; catalyst function is deteriorated by manganese oxide deposits during both light-off and exhaust-gas conversion in warmed-up condition; the oxygen sensors were fully operable; the wear patterns were essentially the same; These investigations have proved that use of MMT-additive in gasoline causes harmful side effects. MMT - Fuel Additive: Results (2) 24 24