Economics of Energy Storage
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1 Ecnmics f Energy Strage Travis Simpkins, PhD June 8, 2016 NREL is a natinal labratry f the U.S. Department f Energy, Office f Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, perated by the Alliance fr Sustainable Energy, LLC.
2 We ll talk abut: Gals fr this Talk Hw battery systems are specified Hw batteries make / save mney Where batteries are likely t be mst cst effective 2
3 PV is simple PV vs. Batteries Put it n the rf The sun shines Electricity is prduced Yur utility bill is lwered Batteries are cmplicated Put ne in the basement r in a shed Nthing happens 3
4 Energy Strage Ecnmics in a Nutshell Energy strage: A bucket that mves energy frm ne time perid t anther Need t decide: When t fill the bucket When t empty the bucket Hw big f a bucket t buy Factrs t cnsider: Hw fast can the bucket be filled r emptied? Hw much des the bucket cst? Hw lng will the bucket last? Will using the bucket in a certain way cause it t fail faster? The value f the energy must be wrth mre at the time yu empty the bucket than it was at the time yu filled the bucket. 4
5 5 Pwer vs. Energy Capacity Pwer Hw fast yu can charge r discharge the battery Measured in kw r MW Energy Capacity Hw much energy yu have available Measured in kwh r MWh Pwer : Energy rati is primary specificatin fr battery Can generally specify the pwer : energy rati Cmmn cnfiguratins 1 MW : 3 MWh (C/3) 4 MW : 2 MWh (2C) Which f these buckets is mre useful?
6 6 Energy Strage Value Streams Behind-the-Meter (client side) Demand management peak shaving Reducing peak demand charges n utility bill, client driven Energy arbitrage Shifting energy frm ff-peak hurs t peak hurs Demand respnse Utility prgram that pays yu t lwer demand Resiliency Using battery t sustain lad during grid utages Frnt-f-the-Meter (grid side) Ancillary services Prviding grid supprt Transmissin / Distributin upgrade deferral Use strage t meet pwer quality during peak days, thus nt having t upgrade infrastructure Capacity markets Bid batteries int reserve markets
7 7 Applicatin Stacking Challenge Batteries can usually nly d ne thing at a time But each use may nly require a few hurs per year T maximize Return n Investment (ROI), must determine: What applicatin battery shuld serve When it shuld serve it Requires an ptimizatin mdel
8 REpt: Platfrm fr Energy Integratin and Optimizatin Techn-ecnmic decisin supprt mdel Integratin & Optimizatin Cnsiders interactins between multiple technlgies Slves energy balance at every time-step Des nt cnsider pwerflw Mixed-integer linear prgram Objective functin: minimize life cycle cst f energy Subject t cnstraints: resurce, perating, lad, plicy, etc Assumes perfect predictin Used t analyze sites NREL-internal tl fr nw 8
9 Case Study: Peak Shaving in CA
10 Example: Behind the Meter in CA Midsize ffice building in LA Cnsidering installatin f a battery Value streams cnsidered Peak demand charge reductin Energy arbitrage 10
11 11 Batteries Like Cmplicated Tariffs Suthern Califrnia Edisn Time f Use GS 3
12 Dispatch Strategy, 1 Week In July 12
13 13 Results N Batt With Batt Year Ttal [$] 257, ,608 Energy [$] 149, ,253 Demand [$] 103,067 68,159 Fixed [$] 5,184 5,184 Savings 36, %
14 14 Ecnmic Drivers f Batteries in Cmmercial Buildings Created large sample ppulatin f buildings 16 building types 15 climate znes Randmized ecnmic parameters (discunt rate, escalatin rate, battery cst) Used REpt t determine ptimal battery size and NPV Fund batteries mst ecnmical when Peak demand charges are high Battery prices are lw Precursr t a larger nging Sunlamp prject Lng, M., Simpkins, T. Cutler, D., Andersn, K. A Statistical Analysis f the Ecnmic Drivers f Battery Energy Strage in Cmmercial Buildings, Submitted t IEEE Nrth American Pwer Sympsium, 2016.
15 15 Resilience Fr Free With the right market structures and incentives, slar+strage systems can prvide an ecnmic return while making affrdable husing energy resilient by pwering critical lads like cmmn area lighting, water, and cmmunicatins prtecting vulnerable residents at little t n net cst: resilience fr free. Seth Mullendre, Rbert G. Sanders, Lewis Milfrd, with Henry Misas and Adje Mensah. Resilience fr Free: Hw Slar+Strage Culd Prtect Multifamily Affrdable Husing frm Pwer Outages at Little r N Net Cst Octber 2015
16 16 Slar + Strage Resiliency is Prbabilistic The duratin f an utage fr which a slar + strage system can sustain the critical lad is a functin f Slar resurce State f charge f battery Critical lad when the utage begins. An utage n April 8 th at 2 pm is different than an utage n July 15 th at 8pm. Resiliency is always prbabilistic Generatrs fail t start, fuel runs ut, etc.
17 Behind The Meter Energy Strage In NYC
18 18 Imprving Resiliency With S+S in NYC Firehuse in New Yrk City Cnsidering installatin f a battery Value streams cnsidered Peak demand charge reductin Energy arbitrage Resiliency during grid utages In cllabratin with CUNY. Reprt t be published sn.
19 19 FDNY Results Summary Scenari Number Scenari Descriptin Base case PV and Battery PV and Battery Sized Fr 5-day Outage PV, Battery, and Diesel Sized fr 5- day Outage 5 Day Outage: Diesel Only PV Size 0 10 kw 2 kw 0 Battery Size 26 kwh/ 9 kw 2781 kwh/ 37 kw 36 kwh/ 11 kw 0 Diesel Generatr Size 0 0 kw 27 kw 39 kw PV Cst 0 $40,000 $8,000 0 PV Cst Less NY-Sun Incentive 0 $32,000 $6,400 0 The battery is strategically charged and discharged t reduce peak demand. Battery Cst $22,520 $1,483,120 $29,720 0 Generatr Cst 0 0 $40,500 $58,500 Ttal Capital Cst $22,520 $1,515,120 $76,620 $58,500 Year 1 Electric Savings -$11 $545 $ Year 1 Demand Savings $2,310 $6330 $2, Life Cycle Cst $371,141 $348,594 $1,928,617 $387,608 $434,379 Net Present Value $22,547 -$1,557,476 -$16,467 -$63,239 The cst ptimal slar + strage system can sustain the critical lad fr 2-4 hurs n average. This is free resiliency. Simple Payback Perid 10.8 years 247 years 25.7 years 280 years
20 20 Quantifying and Valuing the Resiliency Benefit f S + S Systems Use regressin analysis t estimate amunt f resiliency a S+S system wuld prvide fr a specific lad prfile at a specific lcatin Allws value f incremental resiliency t be incrprated during design and planning Hurs f resiliency prvided by a slar + strage system Simpkins, T. Andersn, K., Cutler, D., Olis, D. Optimal Sizing f a Slar-Plus-Strage System Fr Utility Bill Savings and Resiliency Benefits, Submitted t IEEE Cnference n Innvative Smart Grid Technlgies, September 2016.
21 Prbability f Surviving Outage [%] DER Scenari Analysis Example: Micrgrids Base case: 2.5 MW diesel w/ 4,000 gal fuel strage Evaluated tw different DER scenaris Scenari 1: 625 kw PV with battery (mdel ptimized battery size) Scenari 2: 2,000 kw PV with battery (mdel ptimized battery size) 100% 80% Base Case MW PV, 500 kwh Batt Base Case kw PV, 175 kwh Batt Base Case LCC ($MM) Outage Survivability (Days) Base Case % Scenari % 20% Scenari % Length f Outage [Days] 21
22 Cmmunity Slar + Strage 22 May appear mre like a utility-scale prject N custmer lad, n peak shaving ptential Pssible value streams TOU arbitrage charge with PV during lw TOU rates, discharge during high perids Ancillary services T&D deferral can reduce intercnnectin csts Wrked with CEC t analyze business case Cnclusin nt a great pprtunity tday, need lwer battery csts
23 Questins? Please cntact: Travis Simpkins, PhD
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