268 Index. disparity Chinese-Malay, 15, 93, 96 Indian-Malay, 15, 93, 96 inter-ethnic, 8, 15, 63, 92 93, 96, 261 diversification, 28, 30 31, 56 57

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1 Index Abdul Razak, Tun, 5, 265 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 51, 116, 225, , , 256 agriculture, 5, 9, 20, 33, 136, 237 Alaigal, Alliance, the, 29, 30 31, 35, 52 53, 57, 59, 185, 220, 259, 264 Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), 117, 119, 210 Anwar Ibrahim, 59, 225, 246, 264 Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA), , 248 Armed Forces Fund, 16, 107, 117, 121, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), 32, 45, 47 51, 193, 223, 225 Barisan Nasional (BN), 31 32, 53, 57, 59, 156, 175, 177, 183, 192, 203, , 209, 212, 220, Bumiputera, 6, 8 9, 21, 23, 25, 39, 41, 53, 68, 70 76, 81 86, 91 95, 98, , , , , , , 177, , 208, 237, 242, 254, 261 non-bumiputera, 16, 21 22, 92, 156, 161, 163, , 191, 207, 242, 261 Other Bumiputera, 8, 9, 70 76, 82 84, 86, 91, 98, 102 Bumiputera Commercial and Industrial Community (BCIC), 31 32, 41, 237, 254, 257, capital controls, 32, 49 51, 59, capital flight, 49, 50, 235 capital inflows, 46 47, 54, 254, 259 capital strike, foreign, 49 chaebol, 44, 55 Chambers of Commerce Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM), 193 Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Malay Chambers of Commerce, 191 Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MICCI), 191 Chinese, 8, 15, 21 22, 34, 37 38, 41, 53 56, 66, 71 75, 81 86, , 121, , 151, 156, 163, 173, , 201, 205, , , 254, , Cold War, 4, 56 conglomerates, 31 32, 42 44, 47 48, 50, 55, 59 Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Service (CUEPACS), 128, 130, 140, 184, Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee, 32, 50 corruption, 17, 22, 218, 221, , , , 258, Constituency Development Fund, 206 currency peg, 32, 47, 49, 51 Daim Zainuddin, 41 Danamodal Nasional Berhad (Danamodal), 32, 50, 239 David, V, 188 debt, foreign, 47, 230, 235, 239 deposit-taking cooperatives, 207 development expenditure, 40, 45, , , 212, developmentalist state, 218, 222, 232, 236 disabled, 108, 111, ,

2 268 Index disparity Chinese-Malay, 15, 93, 96 Indian-Malay, 15, 93, 96 inter-ethnic, 8, 15, 63, 92 93, 96, 261 diversification, 28, 30 31, East Asian developmental state, 29, 41, 44, 260 East Asian financial crisis, 4, 11, 13, 28, 76, 87, 101, 120, 227, 229, 236, 238, 241 Economic Planning Unit (EPU), 31, 121, 129, economic policy, 1 2, 4, 18, 258 education, 10, 14 17, 19 20, 31 32, 40, 53, 59, 63 79, 95 96, 101, , , 123, 132, , 142, , 170, , , 220, 248, , , 260, 262 opportunities for education, 15, 53, 67, 69, 71, 74, 76 77, 155, 207 private education, 146, 156, 175 tertiary (or higher) education, 8, 10, 11, 99, 152, , , 175, 207 elderly, 16, 108, , , , 131, 133, , 164, Electrical Industry Workers Union, 187 Employees Provident Fund (EPF), 16, 31 32, 45, 50, 107, 117, , , , , , 193, 229 Employees Social Security Act, 133 Employer s Liability Scheme, 107, 121, 126 Employment Act, 126, 194, , ethnic division of labour, 3, 15, 20, 23, 29, 31, 54, 57, 261 ethnicity, 15, 17, 25, 63, 68, 71 74, 81 82, 84 85, 89, 92 93, 95, 97, 99, 149, , 175, 194, , 261 export-processing zone (EPZ), 10, 54, 59 family support, 16, 110, 112, 127, 141 Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), , 140 Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), 30, 33, , 140, 195, Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), , 204, 212, 241 foreign direct investment (FDI), 7, 13, 19 20, 22, 29, 31 33, 35 37, 39, 41, 45 46, 49, 53 55, 58 59, 119, , , 218, 238, 264 Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil (BERSIH), 263, 265 gender, 15, 17, 19, 76, 87, 97, 110, 120, , 168, 177, 181, 194, , 243 General Election, 12th, 2008, 220, 245 Gini coefficient, 25, 65 67, 69, 87 88, 93, 101, 103, 261 government-linked company (GLC), 32, 101, 156, 178, 193, 225, 237, 255 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 5 7, 9, 12 13, 25, 30, 33 35, 46 47, 58, 67, 100, , 115, , , , 141, 145, 169, 227, 229, 236 health care services, 16, 20 21, , maternal and child, 20, 163, 167, 172 primary, 163, 165, 168 private, , public, 116, 174, 176, 252, 258 public-private mix, 16, , Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM), 31, 37 38, 41, 44, 55, 237, 254 Hindu Rights Action Front (HINDRAF), 263, 265 Human Development Index (HDI), 6, 153

3 Index 269 income disparities, 25, 94, 261 distribution, 9, 25, 64, 77, 86, 95, 163 higher, 73, 81, 127, household, 73, 87, 89 90, 92 93, 103, 119, 173, 261 inequality, 15, 91, 93, 96, 118 lower, 22, 76, 79, 102, 127, 173, 258, 262, 264 middle, 7, 79, 81, 92, 102 retirement, 16, 122, , 131, 133 rural, structure, 79 urban, Indian, 15, 21 22, 66, 71 76, 81 86, 91 96, 98, 102, 121, 156, 189, 191, 197, 205, , 213, 242, Industrial Coordination Act, 11, 25, , 238 Industrial Court, 188, 190 industrialization export-oriented industrialization (EOI), 4, 7, 14, 19 22, 30 39, 53 60, 237, 253, 254, 258, 265 heavy industrialization (HI), 5, 7, 30, 37 39, 57, 60, import-substituting industrialization (ISI), 4, 7, 31 34, 36 38, 54 55, 57, 59, 237 labour-intensive industrialization, 7, 22, 35, 53 54, 198, 237 late industrialization, 4 5, 14, 22, 24, 29, 34, 37, 39, 41, 56, 261 technology-intensive, 54 inequality, 14, 15, 25, 58, 63 68, 77, 84, 86 91, 93, 95, 97, 118, 146, 162, 170, 173, 217, 234, 261 rural inequality, 39, 234 urban inequality, vertical and horizontal inequalities, 3 4 institutional reform, 1, 217, 219, 244 Integrated Agricultural Development Programmes (IADP), , 140 inter-ethnic parity, 5, 20 21, 68, 84, 91, 101 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 32, 49 50, 238, 255, 264 Investment Incentives Act, 35, 237 Japan, 37, 41, 46, 49 50, 51, 56, 101, 108, 139, 158, Japanese multinational corporation, 45 Japanese yen, 38, 235 judicial reform, 245, 263 Kedah, 53, 90, 137, 166, 208, 220, 233 Kelantan, 53, 90, 137, 166, 173, 220, 233, 235 Kuala Lumpur Options and Futures Exchange, 47 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), 43, 47 48, 50 51, 59 Labour Party, 185, 265 lawyers march, 263 life expectancy, 168, 170, 175 Lim Chong Eu, 21, 265 Lingam-gate, 245 Mahathir Mohamad, 5, 7, 21, 26, 29 30, 32, 37 38, 41, 43, 45, 49, 51 52, 56 57, 59 60, 68, 116, 131, 185, 188, 203, 225, 229, 232, , , 244, , 251, 253, , 258, Mahathirism, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), , Malay, 6, 8 10, 15, 21, 25, 31 32, 34 42, 53 55, 66, 71 75, 83 85, 91 92, 94 95, 97 98, , 122, 149, 156, 177, 191, 195, 197, 205, 213, , , 264 Malay capitalist class, Malaya Plans First Malaya Plan , 135 Second Malaya Plan , 118, 135

4 270 Index Malaysia Incorporated (Malaysia Inc.), 15, 29, 41 42, 49, 52, 57, 192, 202, 205, 212, 237, Malaysia Plans First Malaysia Plan , 135 Second Malaysia Plan , 135 Third Malaysia Plan , 230 Fourth Malaysia Plan , 40, 230 Fifth Malaysia Plan , 101, 230 Sixth Malaysia Plan , 6, 24, 46, 99, 101, 230, 234 Seventh Malaysia Plan , 230 Eighth Malaysia Plan , 153, 229, 231, 236 Ninth Malaysia Plan , 86, 118, 159, 217, 232, 236, 256 Tenth Malaysia Plan , 256 Mid-Term Review of the Second Malaysia Plan , 5 Fifth Malaysia Plan , 100 Sixth Malaysia Plan , 24, 99, 101 Eighth Malaysia Plan , 25 Malaysian Agricultural Producers Association (MAPA), , 193, 211 Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), 245 Malaysian Business Council, 32, 43, 203, 205, 212 Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), 156, 192, , 212, 225 Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF), 193, 203, 254 Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 156, , Malaysian Institute of Integrity, 244 Malaysian Monetary Exchange, 47 Malaysian Plantation Industries Employers Association (MPIEA), Malaysian Standard Classification of Occupations 1998 (MASCO), 25, 79, 82, 84 Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC), 133, 139, , 194, , 213 manufacturing, 33 36, 54 55, , 202, 212, 238 maternal mortality rate, 168 May 13, 1969, 35 36, 52 migrant labour, 60, 198 Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, 120, 136 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 191, 193, 202 Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (MWFCD), 107, 110, 120, 140 Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), 32, 43 multinational corporation (MNC), 7, 14, 31, 35 36, 45, 53 56, 59, 187, 197, 243, Musa Hitam, 43 Najib Tun Razak, 225, , 256 National Development Policy (NDP), 8, 24, 64, 99, 192, 225 National Economic Action Council (NEAC), 193, National Higher Education Fund, 155 National Integrity Plan, 244 National Planning Council, , 227 National Social Welfare Policy, 117, 120, 140 National Union of Plantation Workers (NUPW), , , , 211, 213 National Vision Policy (NVP), 8, 64 nationalist-capitalist project, 5, 13, 29, 51 New Economic Policy (NEP), 3, 5 46, 52 59, 63, 64, 68, 71, 73, 77, 87, 99, 100, 105, 106, , 140, , 149, 151, 161, 162, 174, 175, , 206, 208, 213, 217, 223, 229, 232, , 249, , 260, 261, 264, 265

5 Index 271 New Villages, Chinese, 21, 207 newly-industrializing economy (NIE), 3, 7, 23, 29, 56, 108, 256, 258 non-financial public enterprise (NFPE), 39 40; see also public enterprise and state-owned enterprise non-governmental organization (NGO), 17, 113, , 165, 183, , , 263 non-malay, 6, 17, 23, 45, 53, 55, 199, 205, 206, 212, 254, , 265 non-performing loan (NPL), 49 50, 239 Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER), 136, 140 occupational distribution, 76 77, 79, occupational group, 78 79, ownership of corporate assets, 45, Pakatan Rakyat (PR), Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan), 53, 55, 59, 153 Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 53, 205 Penang Master Plan, 35 Pengurusan Danaharta Nasional Berhad (Danaharta), 32, 50, 239 petroleum, 38, 44, 53, 58, 195, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), 31 32, 50 51, 58, 227, 232 pension, , 122, , , , 160, 242 pension scheme, 16, 107, 117, 121, , 131, , 139, 242 Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (Proton), 38, 55, 59, 237 pioneer industry, 34, 237 Pioneer Investment Act, 187 Plaza Accord, 13, 38, 45, 253, 264 policy implementation, 15, 21 22, 57 political parties, 22, 24, 156, 183, 185, 192, 205, 210, 243 poverty eradication, 1, 3, 7 8, 14 16, 18 22, 28, 31, 53 54, 57, 64, , 140, 217, 221, 232, 236, 247, , , 259, 261, reduction, 1 5, 7, 10, 17 19, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35, 63 65, 67, 80, 100, , 114, , 145, , 237, 252, 257, 260, 264 hardcore, 99, , 256 incidence or rate, 3, 5, 6, 9, 64 65, 67, , , , 140, 217, , 251, 256, 262 poverty line, 64 66, , 120, 130, 159 Poverty Eradication Programme, 119 Poverty Reduction and Policy Regimes, 1 2, 4, 264 private sector, 10, 16 17, 25, 34, 41 43, 46 48, 59, 93, 108, , 122, 138, 146, 155, , , 189, , , 208, 212, 222, 236, 237, 239, 241, 243, 248, 255, 261 privatization, , 40 43, 51 52, 57, 59, 117, 119, 146, , 175, 177, 206, 221, 232 Programme for the Eradication of Hardcore Poverty (PPRT), proportional equality index (PIE), 82 86, 91 92, 102 public enterprise, 34, 39 41, 208, 232, 235, 238; see also non-financial public enterprise and state-owned enterprise public sector, 10, 25, 39 40, 103, 108, 112, 116, 122, 138, 155, , 162, 167, 176, 178, 184, 186, 188, 221, 235 expenditure, 39 40, 119, ethnic distribution of employees, 68, 242

6 272 Index Railway Workers Union, 184 recession, 7, 11, 28 29, 31, 34, 42, 44, 46 48, 65, 87, 108, 119, 192, 228, 236, 238, regulation, 16, 24, 29, 40, 57, 255 resource capacity, 218, 221, 225, 228, 237 revenue, 17, 38, 53, 57 58, 201, , , 235, 247, 256, 259 Sabah, 7, 53, 64 67, 75, 90, 100, 104, 130, 137, 159, 163, 166, 173, 205, 210, 220, 227, 232, 265 semi-autarky, 32, Shri Murugan Centre, 209 small and medium-scale enterprise (SME), 55, 78, , 197 social policy (policies), 1 2, 4, 13, 15 16, 18 23, 28 29, 31 32, 52 53, 57 58, 84, , , , 177, 183, 212, , 259 social protection systems, 121 social security, 21, 107, 121, 127, , 137, Social Security Organization (SOCSO), 16, 107, 117, social services, 15, 16, 19, 22, 42, 53, 109, , 145, 174, 176, 212, 252, 257 expenditure, , 154 programmes, 116 South Korea, 13, 37, 44, 46, 50, 55, 88, 108, 140, 153, 239 state capacity, 17, 28, , 221, , 247 state economic intervention, 40, 258 state-owned enterprise (SOE), 8, 14, 21, 31, 39, 40 41, 232, 235, ; see also non-financial public enterprise and public enterprise strategic planning, 15, 57 structural adjustment, 1, 19, 28, 41, 49, 238 Taiwan, 12 13, 46, 55, 88, 108, 248 tariff protection, 34, 37 Terengganu, 53, 90, 137, 166, 173, 227, 233, 235 trade unions, 16, , 194, , 203, 212, 259 in-house unions, 187, 195, 198 Trade Unions Act, 186, 194, 203 Training Schemes for Retrenched Workers Programme, 120 transformation economic, 5 7, 22, 30 social, 5 6, 9, 218 structural, 2 3, 19, 28, 34 35, 38, 253, 264 triad of policies and institutions, 1, 4, 13 unemployment, 51, 108, , 117, 119, 159, 237, benefits, , rate, 6, 102, 114, 237 United Malays National Organization (UMNO), 23, 31 32, 43, 50, 52 53, 59, 175, 197, , 208, 213, 225, 259, 261 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), 1 2, 4, 13, 18, 19, 27, 264 United States of America (USA), 49, 51, 56, 169, 237, 248 urbanization, 9, 14, 21, 31, 53, 67, 110 urban-rural differential, 93, 103 Vision 2020, 5, 7, 43, 173, 203 welfare regime, 15, 16, 24, , 114, , 120, Workmen s Compensation, 16, 19, 117, , 134 Zainal Rampak, 188, 213 zakat,