Index. D Decision-making powers, 38 Dependent market economy, 39, 191

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1 Index A Absorptive capacity, 140, 150, 151, 153, 154, , 177, 222 Aerospace industry, 113 Aggregate upgrading, 85 Arm s length market transactions, 78 Asian automakers, 36 Automakers, 5, 6, 33, 41, 89, 91, 113, 115, 120, 126, 140, 156 Automotive core regions, 75 Automotive firms, 48, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 79, 83, 86, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 101, 119, 125, 131, 132, 135, 155, 162, 167, 170, 171, 178, 187, 192, 206, 207 Automotive industry after 1990, 36, 41, 176, 194, , 222 asymmetrical power relation, 189 catching-up process, 193 competition state and flagship investments, 188, component suppliers, 33, 76, 77, corporate capture, 189 domestic political elites, 188 ECE, 1 41, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, , , , , economic indicators, 219 economic recovery, 219 evaluation, 187 extensive spillovers, 211 and FDI (see FDI-driven automotive industry development in ECE) finance and build customized infrastructure, 189 firm-level interviews, 187, 209, 211, 219 goals, 1, 69, 186, 197 GPN and GVC approaches, 193 higher skill and wages, 190 integrated peripheral markets, 6, 53, 69, 185, 211 investment incentives, 18, 185 liberalization, 1, 54, 86, 150, 189 long-term development effects, 222 neoliberal strategies, 188 OECD, 186 performance/networked branch plants, 38, 193 pre-1990 development, rapid development, 2, 7, 31, 56, 76, 185, 212 regional economic blocs, 185 state policies, 185, 187, 210 subsidiary functions and competencies, 192 Automotive value chain, 70, 76, 83, 88, 97 99, 101, 125, 132, 163, 193 B Backward linkages advantages, 165 Czech automotive industry, 167 domestic suppliers, foreign suppliers, Bratislava automotive works (BAZ), 195 Bulgaria, FDI trends, C Capital formation, 37, 149, 210 Capital intensity, 83 85, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99 Capital-labor ratio, 83, 84, 90 Capital productivity, 84, 85, 92, 93, 95, 96 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 P. Pavlínek, Dependent Growth: Foreign Investment and the Development of the Automotive Industry in East-Central Europe, DOI /

2 226 Index Captive suppliers, 79, 116 CEE automotive industry, 81 Central Bank of Hungary (CBH), 22 Channel upgrading, 77 Civic Democratic Party (CDP), 86 Company interviews, 62, 82, 117, 125, 167 Coordinated market economies, 39 Corporate capture, 39, 189, 209, 212, 222 Cutthroat competition, 5, 100 Czech and Slovak automotive firms, 61, 64 Czech and Slovak automotive industries, 56, 150, 154, 222 assembly plants, 92 capital-labor ratio, 90 change in exports, 91 changes in relative position, components, 90, 91 definition, 88, 90 distribution of firms, 132 domination, 101 ECE, 1 41, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, , , , , employment, firm-level data, 88 geographic location, 91 global suppliers, 125 and Government policy, 86 growth, 92 lighting technology R&D center, 131 low cost labor, 91 NACE 34 firms, 125 production, domestic market, 91 shock therapy and privatization, 125 Škoda Auto, 17, 58, 80, 81, 128, 160 small-scale and low-level R&D, 126 strategic coupling, trends, 91, type of FDI, upgrading, Varroc lighting systems, 130 Czech economy, 65, 87, 130, 150 Czechia, FDI trends, 17 19, 108, 124, 125, 130 Czech Investment Promotion Agency, 86 Czech manufacturing industry, 60, 65, 89, 176 Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT), 86 Czech passenger car production, 54 Czech Statistical Office, 83, 125 D Decision-making powers, 38 Dependent market economy, 39, 191 Domestic and foreign firms upgrading in Czech automotive industry, Domestic automotive industry, 2, 40, 160, 211, 212 Domestic companies, 6, 39, 41, 66, 95, 97, 118, 141, 157, 167, 174, 211 Domestic firms, 99, 171, 174 absorptive capacity, 153, 154, , 174, 222 advantage, 168 classification horizontal spillovers, 171 supplier linkages, 171, 174 direct effects, 168, 169 negative direct horizontal spillovers, 174 negative spillovers, 170 R&D capabilities, 174 spillover interception, 168, 174 tier 3 and tier 2 suppliers, 175 Domestic markets, 56, 75, 91, 109, 120, 156, 185, 189 Domestic producers, 2 Domestic SMEs, 80 Domestic suppliers, 80, 81, 87, 125, 134, 141, 150, 152, , , 220 Driving exports, 37 E East-Central Europe (ECE), 1 41, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, , , , , East Germany, 119 ECE automotive industry, 1 34, 39, 40, 53, 76, 82, 119, Economic crisis annual changes in vehicle production, 50 automotive suppliers, 48 bankruptcies and relocations, ECE, 1, 2, 14 16, 23, 29, 32, 35, 48, 49, 53 54, 56, 70 employment effects, 62 Europe and North America, 51 flexi account, 63 foreign-owned and domestic-owned firms, 60 global automotive industry, 48 GPNs, 49 low-wage locations, 66 product portfolio, 56 revenues and production, SMEs, 62 vehicle output, 52

3 Index 227 Economic geographers, 154, 192 Emerging economies, 5, 75, 129, 156, 185 Emerging regional markets, 2 Employment effects, 62 65, 70 EU local content regulations, 190 European automotive industry production system, 53, 223 European automotive production networks, 186 European context, 3 14, 118, 119, 123, 124 European Union (EU) membership, 2, 28, 31 Export-oriented engine factories, 82 Export-oriented low-cost production plants, 5, 6 Export-oriented production development, 5 F Factor productivity, 84, 85 FDI-driven automotive industry development in ECE, 3 12, consolidation phase, 2 economic development, 1 EU membership, 2 FDI trends (see FDI trends) global economic crisis, 2 global and European context acquisitions of existing vehicle plants, 6 assembly operations, 3 Car assembly plants and produced models, 7 9 car production, 9, 10 concentration and consolidation, 4 Cutthroat competition, 5 distribution of vehicle assembly plants, engine plants and principal component suppliers, 10, 12 domestic companies, 6 domestic economies, 3 export-oriented low-cost production plants, 5, 6 follow/global supply, 5 foreign component suppliers, 6 foreign-owned automotive industry, 7 greenfield assembly factories, 6 greenfield production sites, 6 high-volume production of standard car models, 10 integrated peripheral market, 6 low-volume assembly of luxury models, 10 market segments, 3 module and tier 1 suppliers, 5 percent share of foreign-controlled enterprises, 7, 9 platform strategy to maintain large economies of scale, 5 production networks, 5 production of cars, 3, 4 production value and share of total manufacturing, 3 production value of manufacture of parts and accessories, 4 research and development (R&D) capabilities, 5 upgrading, 7 vehicle assembly plants and engine plants, 10, 11 global and European division of labor, 2 global scale, 1 and long-term developmental effects, national market and domestic producers, 2 TNCs, 1 upgrading, 2 FDI-driven dependent development, 186, 192, 219 FDI-driven industrialization, 188, 193, 211, 212 FDI effects economic crisis, 161 economic liberalization, 160 horizontal spillovers, 160 Škoda Auto, 160, 161 FDI spillovers, 150, 151 FDI trends automotive FDI stock per capita, 14, 15 average personnel costs, 24, 26 Bulgaria, classification, 16 Czechia, in ECE automotive industry, 1 41, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, , , , , Fiat s investment in Serbia, 14 foreign-owned supplier factories, 15 Hungary, in national context, 16 national FDI policies, 15 Poland, Romania, Serbia, 16, Slovakia, Slovenia, stock in automotive industry, 13, 14 total automotive FDI stock, 13, 14 Fiat Automobili Srbija (FAS), 31 Fiat s investment in Serbia, 14 Firm level, measuring industrial upgrading, 82

4 228 Index Firm s investment, 83, 85 Follow supply/global supply, 5 Foreign capital, 9, 39, 40, 188, 189, 197, 198, 211, 212, 222 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 1 41, , 185 Foreign firms, 63, 65, 70, 94 97, 131, 152, 159, 160, , , 192, 206, 208 Foreign-owned automotive industry, 191 Functional upgrading, 77, 78, 81, 94, 100, 108, 221 G GDP per capita, 187 General motors (GM), 199 Geographic scales, 49, 77, 107 Global automotive industry, 48, 50 Global production network (GPN), 48 50, 77, 82, 86, 87, 101, 108, 154 Global value chain (GVC), 49, 77, 108, 154 Government policy and Czech automotive industry, Greenfield assembly factories, 6 Greenfield factories, 2, 26, 87, 99 Greenfield production sites, 6 H Hankook tire, 204 Higher value-added products, 77 Highly skilled labor-intensive industries, 85 Hourly compensation costs, 34, 35, 191 Hungary FDI trends, stock, 14 I Industrial upgrading, 75, assemblers, 81 automotive core regions, 75 automotive industry (see Automotive industry) captive suppliers, 79 car production, 75 CEE automotive industry, 81 channel upgrading, 77 concept, 76, 77 Czech automotive industry (see Czech automotive industry) design specifications and requirements, 79 domestic and foreign firms, 99 domestic markets, 75 domestic SMEs, 80 domestic suppliers, 80, 81 emerging economies, 75 firm-level data, 99 firms and clusters, 78 foreign-owned and domestic-owned, 76 functional upgrading, 77, 81, 100 geographic scales, 77 GVC approach, 77 higher value-added products, 77 individual firms, 79 inter-sectoral upgrading, 77 lead firms, 78, 79 lean production, 78 measurement, firm level, model of assembler, 78 peripheral position, 76 position of firms, 76 possibilities, economic development, 77 power asymmetries favor assemblers, 80 power distribution and dominance, 79 power relationships, 79 primary and secondary indicators, 83, 84 process and product upgrading, 77, 78, 100 producer-driven networks, 77 product and process upgrading, 77, 99 quasi hierarchy, 78 SMEs, 80 specialization, 79 tier 1 suppliers, 78 type of product upgrading, 81 types of relationships, 78 Influences potential effects, 76 Integrated information systems, 197 Integrated peripheral market, 6, 53, 69, 185, 210, 211 Inter-firm enterprise networks, 77 International Automotive Components Group (IAC), 20 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 196 International Political Economy, 187 Internationalization automotive industry, automotive suppliers, 158 domestic suppliers, 157 foreign direct investment, and geographic expansion, 157 GPNs, 158 lead firms, 156 tier 1, 2 and 3 suppliers, 157 Inter-sectoral upgrading, 77 Investment incentives, 18, 22, 31, 86, 87, 185, 198, , 222

5 Index 229 Investment promotion machines, 189 Investment types, 83 Inward investment regimes, 188 J Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), Joint venture (JV) agreements, 80, 196 state economic and education policies, 39 structural costs of external ownership, 37 TNCs, 33 truncated development, 38 union membership, 36 wage competitiveness, 36 and Western Europe, 32, 33 Low-cost labor, 82, 91 K Kia Slovakia, L Labor productivity, 84, 85, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99 Labor unions and industrial relations, 36 Lead firms, 5, 36, 40, 54, 78 80, 91, , 126, 156, 190 Lean production, 5, 78, 81 Liberal market economies, 39 Long-term developmental effects and automotive FDI in ECE average personnel costs (personnel costs per employee), 35 Central Europe, 33 compensation costs in manufacturing, 35 control of economic activities for peripheral regions, 37 in Czechia, 37 decision-making powers, 38 dominant industrial sector, 37 economic development, 38 economic geography, 37 in economic growth, 37 employment, external dependence, 39 foreign capital, 39 foreign investment, 38 hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34, 35 in Hungary, 37 labor unions and industrial relations, 36 large automotive FDI inflows on domestic economies, 39 performance/networked branch plants, 38 in Poland, 37 political and economic instability, 33 and political stability, 33 pre economic crisis investment, 32 PSA workers, 36 regional development, 38 in Slovakia, 37 M Macro-regional scale, 5 Maquiladora syndrome, 39, 190 Market economy, 39 Modular production, 5, 6, 94 Moravia-Silesia automotive cluster, 162 N National FDI policies, 15 National market, 2 Neoliberal export-oriented strategies, 188 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 5, 107, 185 P Passenger car production, 55, 186 Peripheral markets, 6, 53, 69, 185 Platform strategy, 5 Poland, FDI trends, Polish FSM, 6 Polish FSO, 6 Polish merchandise exports in 2015, 37 Post-Fordist production methods, 192 Power asymmetries favor assemblers, 80 Process and product upgrading, 77, 94, 100 Producer-driven networks, 77 Product and process upgrading, 77, 81, 94, 99 Production networks, automotive, 5 Productivity spillovers, 152 Protected autonomous markets, 2 PSA Peugeot-Citroën Slovakia, 202 PSA workers, 36 Q Quasi hierarchy, 78, 156 R Regional development, 38 Regional economies, 37 Regulatory arbitrage, 39

6 230 Index Research and development (R&D), 107, 108 academic and business literature, 109 automotive industry, 82, 96, 97, 101, 108, 112, 113, , 137, 139, 140, 154, 209, 210, 221 centralization and decentralization, changes, 138 competencies, 54 Czech automotive industry, 136 domestic automotive firms, 135 ECE countries, 1 41, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, , , , , employment, 134 EU vehicle, 122 European automotive industry, 139 European context, expenditures, 137 FDI-driven, 141 forces promoting the geographic concentration and dispersion, 111 foreign-owned automotive R&D centers, geographic distribution, 110 governmental educational policies, 140 GPN approach, 116, 117 host market factories, 112 intensity, 85 non-globalization, 109 scale and scope economies, 140 stand-alone automotive engineering centers, supply side factors, 112 TNCs, 109 triadization, 110 Romania, FDI trends, S Serbia, FDI trends, Shock therapy, 6, 125 Škoda Auto, 80 Slovak automotive industry, 24 26, 36, 58, 68, 186, 187, 192, , 211 Slovakia, FDI trends, 24, 25 Slovenia FDI trends, 29 stock, 14 Small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), 60, 80, 199 Spatial innovation systems, 117, 123 Spillovers classification, 153 FDI, 151 geographic proximity, 154 horizontal and vertical, 152 interception, 157, 174 productivity, 152 State economic and industrial policy, 207 State-foreign capital nexus, State industrial policies, 212 Strategic coupling, 116 Supplier Development Program, 161 Supplier hierarchy, 114, 155 T Technology-intensive industries, 85 Technology spillovers, 152, 166 Technology transfer, 221 Temporary workers, 37 Territorial embeddedness, 190 Territorial innovation systems, 117 Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile (TPCA), 6, 87, 89, 92, 101 Transnational corporations (TNCs), 1 3, 6, 7, 25, 28, 33, 36, 40, 41, 75, 76, 78, 87, 100, 101, 188, 220 Transnationalization, 188 Triple helix, 117 Truncated development, 37, 38, 192, 222 Truncated firms, 192 Truncation, 38, 39, , 192, 193 U Union membership, Upgrading in Czech automotive industry competitiveness, 94 definition, 92, 93 domestic and foreign firms, existed prior to 1998, 93 functional upgrading, 94 labor productivity, 92 process upgrading, 94 product, 94 V Varieties of capitalism, 39, 48, 49 W West European automotive industry, 70, 91, 108, 139 World War Two (WWII), 194