THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. Edited by. Paul Nieuwenhuis Cardiff University, UK. Peter Wells Cardiff University, UK. WlLEY

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1 THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Edited by Paul Nieuwenhuis Cardiff University, UK Peter Wells Cardiff University, UK WlLEY

2 Contents Notes on Contributors Series Preface Foreword xi xvii xix 1 Introduction and Overview Introduction Continuity and Change Overview 4 References 6 2 Understanding Change and Difference in the Global Automotive Industry Introduction Socio-Technical Transitions Varieties of Capitalism Global Value Chains Change in the Automotive Industry: A Synthesis Conclusions 16 References 17 3 The Market for New Cars Introduction Market Fragmentation and Lack of Industry Consolidation Geography of Markets Mobility Services and the Emergent Automotive Ecosystem Conclusions 27 References 27 4 Understanding People and Cars Influences on Travel Choices Influences on Vehicle Choice 33

3 vi Contents 4.3 Acceptability of Transport Policies and New Technologies Conclusions 36 References 37 5 Car Manufacturing Background and Prehistory Ford, Budd and Sloan: The History of Mass Car Production Monocoque Construction: Budd's Impact on Car Design Toyotism Buddism in Crisis? Lean v Agile Conclusions 49 References 50 6 Recent Trends in Manufacturing Innovation Policy for the Automotive Sector: A Survey of the United States, Mexico, European Union, Germany and Spain Introduction A Changing Manufacturing Landscape Restructuring in the Automotive Industry Automotive Policies in the United States, Mexico, EU, Germany and Spain United States Mexico European Union Germany Spain Conclusion 63 References 64 7 Labour Relations and Human Resource Management in the Automotive Industry: North American Perspectives Introduction From Fordist Production to Lean Production: The Evolution of Labour Relations/Human Resource Management Systems in the North American Auto Industry Prior to The Classic Fordist Industrial Relations System in the US and Canadian Automotive Industries The Impact of Japanese Transplants and Lean Production Methods on the North American Automotive Labour Relations System Developments in North American Auto Labour Relations Since Concession Bargaining The Impact ofthe Global Financial Crisis Post-Crisis Developments Conclusion 78 References 80

4 Contents vii 8 Labour Relations and HRM in the Automotive Industry: Japanese Impacts 8.1 Introduction: The Japanese Car Industry and Toyota Production System 8.2 TPS and Japanese HRM 8.3 'Japanization' of the Global Automotive Industry 8.4 Changes in Japanese Labour Relations and HRM 8.5 Concluding Remarks References 9 The Rise of South Korean (or Korean) Automobile Industry 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A Brief History of South Korean Automobile Industry and the Performance of HMC Brief History of South Korean Automobile Industry The Change in Performance ofhmg 9.3 Considering Five Success Factors of HMC Vertical Integration Modularization of Production and Standardization Expansion ofoverseas Production Capabilities in Emerging Markets Product Strategy Quality Focused and Design Focused Management 9.4 Characteristics of HRM in HMC and Effects on the Management System Militant Trade Union Movement and Confrontational Labour-Management Relations Fragmentation and Automation of Work Internal Competition Systems 9.5 Conclusion: New Challenges for the Korean Auto Makers as Multinational Enterprises References 10 China's Car Industry 10.1 Background 10.2 Pre-History 10.3 China's Car Industry 10.4 The Role of Government Traditional Automobile Industries 10.5 New Energy Vehicles R&D Support Industrialization 10.6 Bringing NEVs to Market Demonstration and Pilot Projects: Strategie Niche Management Financial Incentives 10.7 Conclusions References III

5 viii Contents 11 Forging Ahead or Stagnating?: An Analysis of Indian Automotive Industry Introduction History of the Indian Automotive Industry Statistics on Automobile Industry Performance Stagnation of Industry in Factors Critical to the Growth of the Indian Automotive Industry Challenges and Future of Indian Automotive Industry 134 References From Factory to End-User: An Overview of Automotive Distribution and the Challenges of Disruptive Change Shipping and Stocking Cars Retail and Distribution Changes to the Dealer Model The Changing Role of Fleets Delivering Integrated Services Means Rethinking Skills 150 References Impacts of Automobility Introduction Externalities and Automobility: A Broad Perspective Death and Injuries from Road Traffic Environmental Impacts Toxic Emissions Current Concerns Role of the Consumer Conclusions 161 References Regulating the Car Regulating for Safety Development ofvehicle Standards European Directives US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards New Car Assessment Programmes Future Developments Impact of New Vehicle Technologies Legislating for a Cleaner Environment Fuel Economy: lncentives and Disincentives Climate Change Future Developments 173 References Global versus Local: Regionalism in a Global Industry The Old World Asia The Creation oftwo Motoring Cultures: Indiav China 179

6 Contents ix 15.3 Latin America Gase Study: On the Margins of Mass Production: Australia 181 References The Impact of Electric Automobility Electric Vehicle Design Battery Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles Charging Infrastructure - UK Gase Study Electric Vehicles in Europe Urban Electric Vehicles Rural Electric Vehicles - The Welsh Case Conclusions 197 References Alternatives to the Car Introduction Defining the Car: Legislative and Market Boundaries The Hidden World of Non-Car Automobility Transition by Stealth: The 2W-BEV W-BEVs Conclusions 206 References New Business Models and the Automotive Industry Introduction Fundamentals of the Existing Automotive Industry Business Model Pressures for Change on the Existing Business Model Incremental Business Model Evolution in the Automotive Industry Radical Business Model Innovation in the Automotive Industry Conclusions and Future Prospects for Business Model Innovation 216 References Future Challenges for Product and Industry Introduction New Engine Technologies Owning or Sharing? The Future Car The Future Industry 224 References 226 Index 229

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