5 DAY SOLAR PV THEORY & INSTALLATION COURSE
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1 5 DAY SOLAR PV THEORY & INSTALLATION COURSE Irtaza Syed, PhD, P. Eng., PMP, PVIP (NABCEP), MIET Honors & Awards Nominee Governor General Gold Medal Nominee University Gold Medal Early PhD Completion Award Graduate Research Excellence Award - 2 times Research Proposal Funding 2 times
2 2 Lecture 1 Electrical & RE Systems Overview
3 3 Theory Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid, & Hybrid Systems Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM) RE systems Applications Market Future Labs No Calculations No Hands-On
4 4 Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Generation Medium voltage levels (usually 11kV to 23kV) Electromechanical Generators run by Hydro run of river, hydro storage Steam gas, oil, coal, nuclear Transmission High voltage levels (usually 115kV to 1200kV) Distribution Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV) Utilization Industrial Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV) Commercial/Institutional/Residential Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 600V) Generation, transmission, distribution as 3 phase Utilization as 1, 2 or 3 phase All at 60 (or 50 Hz)
5 5 Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Transformer steps up and down voltage Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization source:
6 6 Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Power flow unidirectional from gen utilization Reclosers, breakers, sectionalizes for protection & isolation Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization source: Electric Machinery and Power System Teodore Wildi Fundamentals
7 7 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid, & Hybrid Systems Off-Grid Stand alone PV system Not connected to utility / grid (Local Distribution Company) Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or DC-AC PV systems PV panels (or modules), Battery, charger, inverter, load Inverter can be Square Wave or Modified Sine Wave Type On-Grid / Grid Tied / Utility Interactive Same as Off-Grid but: Hybrid Connected to LDC Pure Sine Wave Inverter Operates On-Grid as well Off-Grid Hybrid Inverter required Sun energy has 2 components: heat & light PV Module converts sun-light into DC electricity Heat increase losses system operating at cooler temperature perform better
8 8 Off-Grid PV System Local load can be AC, DC, or both Battery storage is usually required Simplest Off-Grid is PV panel & load Connecting load thru CC &/or Inverter is recommended for battery life
9 9 On-Grid PV System On-grid system is required to disconnect from grid when grid is not healthy (aka Anti-Islanding) Voltage & frequency of the grid determine grid health System disconnects at under/over voltage & under/over frequency 5 minutes (or 300 second) count is required to ensure healthy grid prior to power export into grid Battery & charger optional
10 10 Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization Generation Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 600V) Solid State Power Electronic Converters run by Renewable Energy resources Wind, PV, Transmission Existing grid voltage levels Distribution Existing grid voltage levels Utilization DC, AC, or Both Local or exported to grid for remote use Generation & utilization can be DC or AC Transmission & distribution is AC though DC seems to be the future PCC / POC voltage matched by transformer Utility connection may require additional upgrades or changes direct result of reverse power flow
11 11 Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM) FIT - On-Grid system All generated power exported to grid (none used locally) Paid per defined Tariff for KWH produced (usually monthly) Generation metering required (usually unidirectional) Sized per local regulations NM - On-Grid system Generated power consumed/used locally first Deficient power retrieved from grid Excess power exported to grid (use grid as storage) May or may not get paid for excess KWH but pays for energy consumed from grid Generation metering required (usually bidirectional or two meters) Sized per local load consumptions DC Size is usually 120% to 130% of AC size Storage cycle is 11 months usually Excess at the end of 11 month cycles is either not paid or paid marginally Battery storage is optional Size optimization is a must
12 12 RE Systems Applications, Market & Future Applications Space (International space station, communication satellites) Consumer electronics (Calculators, Watches) Transportation (Road signs, Railway signals) Portable applications (Stage, Mobile Power, RV s) Rural (health clinics, water pumps) Remote Communities (power, heating, cooling) Lighting (Street lights, buildings) Market/Career Sales, marketing, procurement Engineers, designers, assemblers Contractors, electricians, installers Medical Emergency System, PV on Camel Source: Inhabitat
13 RE Systems Applications, Market & Future Market/Career Financing, accounting, project management Regulators, inspectors Teachers, instructors Future driven by Global warming & environmental concerns Alcatraz, CA (307kW, 2kAH Bat) Source: NREL 13 Grids expensive restructuring/upgrades Fossil fuel reserves depletion Energy independence and security Cushion against rising energy prices Quaid-e-Azam, Pak (1000 MW, 4M Panel) Source: Wikipedia
14 14 Please keep working environment SAFE by ensuring: Your own safety Fellow workers safety Working area safety Thank you!
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