Azure Micro-Grid Village Power Systems

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1 Azure Micro-Grid Village Power Systems Prepared By: Christopher Freitas Chris Greacen

2 Solar Electric Power Systems are typically divided into two types: Grid-Tied Systems Utility connected Typically has no energy storage (no batteries) Only is able to operate when the utility is operating Off-Grid Systems Remote / Independent of utility grid Includes energy storage (large batteries) Typically includes back-up generator for poor weather periods

3 Micro-Grid Power Systems can use different configurations: Can range from being more like a grid-tied or an off-grid type system or something in-between Systems can power an entire village or just one facility Can be made up of a single centralized system or can be made up of several distributed systems interconnected together No real agreed upon definition of the term Micro-grid

4 Some Micro-Grids use solar power to reduce a generator s fuel consumption: Generators still operate 24 hours a day Solar is typically limited to about 25% of the generator s rating (higher is possible with more sophisticated controls) Inverters tend to be simpler, smaller and less expensive Examples: Greek Islands Alaskan villages with wind turbines

5 Other Micro-Grids use solar to power all of the loads: Solar is used to power loads during the daytime and to recharge the battery energy storage system Batteries are used to power loads at night Back-up generators are used when weather is poor Requires that the inverter & battery system be large enough to power all loads even starting multiple loads at same time

6 Micro-Grids can also be a combination of grid-tie and off-grid configurations: Some loads may only be powered from the generator Other loads are powered from the solar and/or batteries all the time Often used when large loads are required such as air conditioning or industrial equipment Example: Hospitals in Haiti (USAID / Solar Electric Light Fund)

7 Micro-Grid System Configurations and Terminology: DC Coupled Systems AC Coupled Systems Combined AC and DC Coupled Systems

8 DC Coupled Micro-Grids: Solar power sources are interconnected together as DC and power is only converted into AC power only when loads consume it Traditional configuration for off-grid systems High power DC wiring and safety equipment can be difficult to source and expensive Power electronics tend to be smaller and cheaper Higher efficiency for loads operating at night

9 DC Coupled Micro-Grid: Solar Array Solar Array Solar Array Controller Controller Controller Batteries Generator Inverter/Charger AC Distribution and Loads

10 AC Coupled Micro-Grids: Solar power sources are immediately converted into AC and are then interconnected with the AC loads Power is converted back into DC to recharge the batteries High power AC wiring and equipment can be easier to source and less expensive Power electronics tend to be larger and more expensive Can allow for solar to be distributed around the village May be easier to grid interconnect if utility becomes available Higher efficiency for loads operating during the daytime

11 AC Coupled Micro-Grid: Solar Array Solar Array Solar Array Grid-Tie Inverter Grid-Tie Inverter Grid-Tie Inverter AC Distribution System and Loads Generator Inverter/Charger Batteries

12 AC and DC Coupled Micro-Grids: Some of the solar power is immediately converted into AC and are then interconnected with the AC loads while other solar power is kept as DC to recharge the battery to power loads at night Highest efficiency for both day and night loads Complex design Can be difficult to coordinate with growth in loads

13 AC and DC Coupled Micro-Grid: Solar Array Solar Array Solar Array Grid-Tie Inverter Grid-Tie Inverter Controller AC Distribution System and Loads Generator Inverter/Charger Batteries

14 Examples of Micro-grids Partner in Health Hospitals (Haiti) Beaconhouse School Campuses (Pakistan) Alcatraz Island (San Francisco) MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

15 Partners-In-Health (Haiti) Designed and Installed by Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) Remote locations with difficult fuel delivery no utility power DC coupled configuration Thirteen facilities installed - 15 to 60 kw of PV array Power Electronics by OutBack Power Systems (USA) Rooftop mounted for security

16 Partners-In-Health (Haiti)

17 Partners-In-Health (Haiti) New university teaching hospital in Mirebalis, Haiti Located on good power quality power line direct from main hydro generator AC coupled configuration with generators Not able to operate stand-alone without generator 400 kw PV array rooftop mounted Power Electronics by Solectria Renewables (USA) Utility cost $0.35 / kwh Three year payback expected.

18 Partners-In-Health (Haiti)

19 Beaconhouse Schools (Pakistan) Private school system located throughout Pakistan Designed 12 school systems and installed one pilot system AC coupled configuration with utility and generator 10 kw PV array for pilot system others 100 to 250 kw Power Electronics by SMA (Germany) Rooftop mounted for pilot system Combination of rooftop and ground shade structures planned

20 Beaconhouse Schools (Pakistan)

21 Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA) No utility power generator only AC coupled design with back-up generator 307 kw+ PV array 2 MWh battery Eight 100 kw inverters Power Electronics by Princeton Power Systems (USA)

22 Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA)

23 Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA)

24 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia) Village scale PV + Diesel power systems Two installed and operating / two more under construction AC and DC coupled configuration with back-up generator Power Electronics by Leonics (Thailand)

25 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia) 3.2 MW system - RPS Kemar, Gerik, Perak, Malaysia PV array: 850 kw Inverter: 850 kw Battery: 4,800 kwh / 480Vdc Diesel Generator: 1,600 kw

26 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

27 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia) 4.2 MW system Tanjung Labian, Sabah, Malaysia PV array: 1,262 kw Inverter: 1,650 kw Battery: 4,320 kwh / 480Vdc Diesel Generator: 1,350 kw

28 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

29 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

30 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

31 MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)

32 Other topics Metering Funding PV mounting / land issues Maintenance Social issues

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