Microgrids Outback Power Technologies

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1 Microgrids Outback Power Technologies

2 Microgrids - Definition EPRI defines microgrids as a power system with distributed resources serving one or more customers that can operate as an independent electrical island from the bulk power system. National Renewable Energy Lab defines microgrids as power systems in which generation elements are co-located with loads, regardless of the aggregated generation capacity or the grid connection. Sandia defines microgrids as a grouping of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that can operate in both island or gridconnected mode. Microgrid Exchange Group defines microgrids as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.

3 Advantages of Microgrids Enable grid modernization and integration of multiple smart grid technologies., such as peak shaving, load diversion, stored resources etc. Enhances the integration of distributed and renewable energy sources that help to reduce peak load and reduce losses by locating generation near demand. Reduce Green house gas emissions with dramatic reductions in generator run times by recharging batteries and operating the generator in its peak efficiency zone. Supports the macrogrid by handling sensitive loads and the variability of renewables locally and supplying ancillary services to the bulk power system. Improves local energy flexibility, security, and reliability

4 Design Parameters of Microgrids Number of customers served Full time or part time micro-grid? Physical length of circuits and types of loads to be served Voltage levels to be used Feeder configuration (looped, networked, radial, and so on) Types of distributed generation utilized AC or DC or both micro-grid Heat-recovery options Desired power quality and reliability levels with consideration to potential seasonal and peak demands Methods of control and protection Days of Autonomy

5 POWER GENERATION EQUIPMENT FOR MICRO-GRIDS Internal combustion engines (10 kw to 10 MW) Mini to small-size combustion turbines (0.5 to 50 MW) Microturbines (water) (20 to 500 kw) Fuel cells (1 kw-10 MW) Photovoltaic systems (5 W to 5 MW) Wind turbines (30 W to 10 MW)

6 Connected Microgrids Customers may use their DG system to offset their consumption from the local utility and therefore reduce their operational costs Customer may implement peak shaving (Japan) Customers can have continued service with a battery-based system. AC coupled recharge batteries with in expensive off peak energy and potentially back feed the grid

7 Isolated Microgrid Microgrids can be connected to the macro grid, but also have the ability to function in island mode to increase reliability for the local load/system. The penetration of the distributed generation in a isolated microgrid is by definition 100%. DC Coupled

8 Outback Power Technologies Solutions

9 PV System Energy Flow Source Basic System Components DC DC DC AC PV Array Charge Controller Battery Inverter Load Converts sunlight to electrical energy Regulates charge voltage Stores electrical energy chemically Inverts current from DC to AC Consumes electricity to do work

10 PV System Types: Overview PV-Direct Grid-Direct Grid-Interactive with Battery Backup Off-Grid

11 Grid-Interactive System with Battery Backup Meter Main Service Panel Non backed-up loads Utility Grid Generator PV Array Charge Controller Battery Grid Tied Inverter/Charger Backed-up Sub-panel Backed-up loads

12 Energy Management Utility Grid Meter Main Service Panel Non backed-up loads Generator PV Array Charge Controller Battery Grid-Interactive Inverter/Charger Backed-up Sub-panel Backed-up loads

13 Off-Grid System PV Array Charge Controller Battery Battery Based Inverter Main Service Panel AC Loads DC Load Panel DC Loads

14 Typical Grid Tie Inverter Connections

15 First choice for battery backup Grid Hybrid System AC Coupled as afterthought is more expensive

16 AC Coupled Current Flow with Live Grid

17 AC Coupled Current Flow with Grid Loss

18 Energy Storage

19 Battery Comparisons Battery Type Application Maintenance Safety Cycling Ability Recharge Ability Cost Flooded Lead Acid Wet-Cell Off-grid, central office / telco Watering is required Equalization cycle is periodically required Spillable Operated upright only Must be vented Good deep cycle life More tolerant of improper recharge voltages and abuse Lowest initial cost Has cost of maintenance Maintenance- Free Lead Acid VRLA grid-interactive, off-grid, UPS and backup power, emergency vehicles, Superior shelf life Electrolyte does not need to be replaced Does not require equalization Sealed Spill Proof Leak Proof Good cycle ability at 50% DOD Charge voltage must be limited Moderate initial cost Lithium-ion Deep cycle, peak shaving. Hybrid EV s Can be charged or discharged rapidly and operated at higher temperatures Maintenance- Free Must be used with an onboard battery management system to prevent overcharge / over-discharge / thermal runaway Superior cycling ability Charge conditions must be controlled Very high initial cost

20 Comparison 20

21 Lead Acid Battery Capacities Location Date of Installation Power (kw) Energy (kwh) Batteries in system CA Wisconsin Wisconsin Indiana North Carolina Berlin ,000 14, Puerto Rico ,000 10,

22 Energy Storage System Management with OutBack Products

23 Battery Sizing Guidelines Accurate load profile: kwh or Amp-hours per day Characterize loads as: cyclical, random, coincidental, noncoincidental, and demand factor (load control required?) Account for parasitic losses and system inefficiencies Include the appropriate factors: Temperature, autonomy, EOL capacity, design margin, parasitic losses, and DOD. Do not discharge the batteries too deeply Use the correct rating (5hr, 20hr, 100hr), or a rate that approximates the actual load (functional hour rate) Choose the correct technology (Flooded, AGM, Gel) 23

24 Load Profiles

25 System Efficiencies & Parasitics PV (η = 80%) 2. Wires PV to charge controller (η = 98%) 3. Charge controller (η = %) 4. Wires Charge controller to batteries (η = 98%) 5. Batteries (η = 70-80%) 6. Wires Battery interconnects (η = 98%) 7. Wires - Batteries to inverter (η = 98%) 8. Inverter (η = 92%) 9. Wires - Inverter s distribution (η = 98%) 10. Daily parasitic (tare) losses PV Load = 51.9%

26 Proper Charging Proper charging is just as important as limiting the discharge and maintaining the batteries. However this is dependent upon the battery chemistry 26

27 Our approach By monitoring the batteries this enables you to understand what the system is doing Shows the battery State Of Charge (SOC) Lets you see how many Watts your DC loads and DC sources are actually producing. Can reduce generator run-time Improves your system performance and efficiency Provides most recent 128 Days of data logging Up to 1000 amps per channel up to 3000 amps total current measurement capacity

28 Multi-Shunt Configuration There is no NET shunt battery is connected to the center of the three DC shunts All three channels can monitor DC sources or DC loads All shunts are totaled together for the battery State of Charge (SOC) calculation and cumulative amp-hours removed (CAH OUT) counter.

29 Case Studies

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34 Alpha Energy Solutions Seven core competitive advantages for Alpha Energy: 1. Focus in engineered off-grid and on-grid solutions 2. Portfolio includes users who demand the utmost in reliability (military, security, others) 3. Single brand, seamless, integrated designed solution 4. OEM supplier advantage for all customers 5. Custom standardization delivering consistent, repeatable solutions 6. Market and customer driven, mainly in telecom and security; also any application where no or low-quality grid makes it cost-effective to use renewable sources 7. Unparalleled design expertise to meet customer needs within their project budgets

35 Optimum Power Solutions - OPS OPS is a FAMILY OF PRODUCTS SPS : DC Power Solutions charged by Solar only HPS - Hybrid Power Solutions; multiple charging sources PVPS - Photovoltaic Power Solutions; larger DC only Power Supplies charged by PV PVUPS - Photovoltaic UPS; battery based Inverter Systems charged by PV

36 Battery-based / off-grid For small off-grid loads < 300 W Select from Economy, Standard or Premium systems Pole mount arrays & electronics Larger battery banks are ground mount SPS Solar Power Solutions Example: remote security camera and radio

37 HPS - Hybrid Power Solutions Hybrid Power System HPS For maximum power reliability, integrates: Solar Battery And/or liquid fueled generator And/or wind turbine Designed for larger loads providing DC and/or AC output Custom Engineering PV Array Generator Wind Turbine(s) Intelligent Power Management System Breakers for Array Controller (SNMP via Ethernet) Inverter Fuses & Shunts Inverter Battery Charge Controller Battery Charge Controller Rectifiers Battery Breakers Battery Bank AC Loads DC Loads

38 PVPS Photovoltaic Power System Battery-based, On or Off-grid (6) FM80 s on a telecom rack Supplies power to batteries or DC bus Optional monitoring via Cordex CXCR Quote using price list Example: Large off grid PV power supply or head-end power offset

39 Modular backup power system FP1 or Radian and expandable battery bank Supports AC and DC loads Optional PV and Generator inputs Configurator coming soon Example: commercial PV with battery backup system PVUPS PV-upgradable UPS

40 PVUPS LION

41 Large Projects

42 Questions Gord Petroski (360) Technical Support Hotline: (360) Additional Info available at:

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