Roads in Europe and Central Asia Measuring Financial Performance, Efficiency and Service Provision

Transcription

1 Roads in Europe and Central Asia Measuring Financial Performance, Efficiency and Service Provision 1 Objective This brief review forming part of a larger exercise focusing on the financial performance of the power and gas sectors in Europe and Central Asia (ECA), with an ancillary look at other infrastructure sectors 1 - examines the primary collectors of roads data. It serves as a pilot exercise to develop financial performance, efficiency and service provision indictors and to test the ease of data collection in the region. This briefing note provides an update on the review process and data collection exercise. 2 Background The level of development of the transport sector, as well as progress in reforms, varies significantly in the Region. However, transport networks are in poor condition in most countries and may have inadequate capacity to meet future transport needs. Over the past decade the number of cars and congestion on roads in ECA has increased, while needed maintenance and network upgrades have been under-funded. It is essential to ensure that transport contributes fully to economic development and that transport infrastructure improvements are sustainable. Traditionally investment in transport has been justified on the basis that it supports general economic growth and trade and that investments generate savings for vehicle operators, through reduced operating costs and improved productivity. To further understand these trends, this brief review takes a look at a number of measures of financial performance, efficiency and service provision including a look at road sector investment and expenditure requirements and the cost of poor roads. Trends are examined over 4 years starting in. 3 Measuring Performance in the Rail Sector and Data Availability Under the Bank s REDI 2 initiative an extensive set of performance indicators has been compiled for the roads sector for which data is considered to be readily available. The REDI performance indicators address road access, affordability, quality and technical dimensions as well as efficiency, fiscal cost, financial autonomy and institutional development. Table 1 shows the preliminary list of roads indicators defined by the REDI initiative together with data sources and the period of coverage. The primary sources of data for the REDI statistics are the World Bank s Statistical Information Management & Analysis (SIMA) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) databases and household surveys. These sources largely cover access, affordability and quality indicators. This data is generally available to. The national Road Authorities are the main sources for data for other indicators. 1 Monitoring Financial and Technical Performance in the Infrastructure Sector in ECA; initiated in October,. 2 Recent Economic Development in Infrastructure June 6,

2 Table 1: Road Sector Performance Indicators (REDI) Indicator Definition Source Years Access Access to all season road by rural pop. Average distance to nearest transport stop for urban population Average distance to nearest transport stop for rural population Road density in terms of population Road density in terms of land area Motorized road vehicle ownership in rural areas: private cars Motorized road vehicle ownership in rural areas: motorcycles Non motorized road vehicle ownership in rural areas: bicycles Motorized road vehicle ownership in urban areas: private cars Motorized road vehicle ownership in urban areas: motorcycles Non motorized road vehicle ownership in urban areas: bicycles Non motorized road vehicle ownership: bicycles %total rural pop km km km/1000 people km/1000 km2 % rural HH % rural HH % rural HH % urban HH % urban HH % urban HH % HH HH surveys HH surveys HH surveys SIMA/ WDI SIMA/ WDI DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country) DHS (1 to 3 surveys per country)??? Affordability Motor vehicle fuel prices: gasoline (super/ regular) Motor vehicle fuel prices: gas/ diesel oil Spending on transport services by urban households Spending on transport services by rural households Road user charges as share of total road expenditure US $/liter US $/ liter % urban HH exp. % rural HH exp. % WDI WDI HH survey HH survey In country sector knowledge ??? Quality (Technical Dimension) Paved roads Roads in fair/ good condition Fatalities in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of vehicles Fatalities in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of population Road share of passenger domestic travel Road share of total freight domestic carriage % total road network % total road network fatalities/10000 veh. Fatalities/ pop % % SIMA/ WDI Road authority IRF database IRF/ WDI ICP? ICP? 1990-? ?? Quality (Perception) Commercial perception of services delivered by road department/ public works Index from Global Competitiveness Report World Business Environment Survey Efficiency (Economic) Road transport system technical efficiency US$/km In country knowledge? June 6,

3 Indicator Definition Source Years Fiscal Cost Road expenditure as a share of GDP External funds as a share of total road expenditure Actual to required road maintenance expenditure % % % Road Authority/ WDI Road authority Road authority??? Financial Autonomy Expenditure on owning and operating vehicles US$ In country knowledge? Institutional Development National roads board (NRB) exists and reports Private sector representatives form majority of NRB Main (national) Road agency operating with annual report published Main (national) Road agency publishing technical and financial audits National road safety action plan Social assessment of road projects mainstreamed Environmental assessment of roads projects mainstreamed Communicable disease control Source: Work in progress draft as of January 2004 by the Transport Division (TUDTR) June 6,

4 A comprehensive collection of transport statistics is also collected by the EU, and is presented on the EuroStat Website 3. Data covers the countries of the EU and EU candidate countries 4 and comparisons are provided with statistics from the USA and Japan. Statistics are provided up to the year and cover: Table 2: Eurostat Road Indicators Means of Transport Cars per 1000 inhabitants Vehicle stock by vehicle type Vehicle production by vehicle type Vehicle registration by vehicle type Statistics on Goods and Passenger Transport Performance by mode of transport Haulage on national territory Vehicle km by transport mode (passengers) Safety Fatalities per year, inc. by mode of transport Accidents per year Infrastructure Length of network Motorways and toll roads 4 Scope Building upon this experience and in line with the objective of this review 5, we have focused on measuring financial performance, efficiency and service provision in the sector for the years,, and, with a brief look at the sector as a whole. Table 3 shows the list and definitions of selected road indicators covered in this review. A full set of definitions, consistent with the REDI initiative, is provided in Annex 2. Pilot data collection activities have focused on countries in ECA where the World Bank has active programs. The data has been collected for Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey and Ukraine 6. Data has been provided by national road authorities and in-country transport specialists. A full data set is provided in Annex 1. UK statistics for the year have been extracted from the Eurostat database and are provided for comparative purposes Countries covered include: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Greece, France, Finland, Italy, Ireland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, UK, Iceland, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. 5 Monitoring Financial and Technical Performance in the Infrastructure Sector in ECA; initiated in October,. 6 Data has also been requested for: Poland, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan but had not been received at the time of writing this note. The dataset will continue to be updated as information becomes available. Some limited expenditure and road condition data has been collected for Bulgaria from the Bulgaria Review of Motorway Projects and Potential for Public Private Partnerships. June 6,

5 Table 3: Roads - Financial Performance, Efficiency and Service Provision Indicator Unit Sector Background Traffic mix By vehicle type and number Road congestion in terms of network Vehicles per km of road Number of vehicles in terms of population Vehicles per 1000 inhabitants Road density in terms of population Km per 1000 people Road density in terms of territory Km per km2 Service Provision Paved roads % total network/ by road type Unpaved roads % total network/ by road type Roads in poor/ fair/ good condition %/ by road type Fatalities in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of vehicles Fatalities/10,000 vehicles Fatalities in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of population Fatalities/ 100,000 people Injuries in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of vehicles Injuries/ 10,000 vehicles Injuries in road motor vehicle accidents in terms of population Injuries/100,000 people Financial Performance Development GDP vs. Paved Roads Vehicle operating cost US$/km/ by road condition and mode Road expenditure US$/ % GDP Actual to required road maintenance expenditure % Efficiency Road transport system technical efficiency US$/km 5 Results Analysis Background: A Brief Look at the Road Sector and Access The number of vehicles 7 increased substantially over the period to, except in Serbia which experienced a decline in. The trend is similar for all modes of transport. The exceptions are Russia where the number of buses decreased to 93% of levels in ; Latvia where the number of trucks decreased to 97% of levels in ; and Lithuania where the number of trucks increased significantly to 213% of levels in. Bus and truck ownership increased in Serbia over the period. Graph 1: Increase in Road Rolling Stock ( = baseline year, or 100%) 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey 7 Passenger cars, trucks, buses, other. June 6,

6 Graph 2: Increase in Passenger Cars ( = baseline year, or 100%) 130% 110% 90% Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Graph 3: Increase in Buses ( = baseline year, or 100%) % % % Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey 90.00% Graph 4: Increase in Trucks ( = baseline year, or 100%) 210% 190% 170% 150% 130% 110% 90% Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Note Graphs 1 to 4: data not available for Ukraine for all years; data not available for Serbia for. June 6,

7 Road congestion, when considered as the number of vehicles per km of road network, showed a slight increase in all countries over the period to. The highest increase was in Lithuania. Bosnia 8, Serbia 9, Lithuania and Turkey have a significantly higher number of vehicles per km than other countries reviewed. Graph 5: Road Congestion (number of vehicles per km of road network) Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey UK The number of vehicles per 1000 people also shows a similar trend. In contrast, while the number of vehicles per 1000 people is also high in Lithuania, it is lowest in Turkey. Graph 6: Number of Vehicles per 1000 people Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey UK A look at passenger car ownership statistics collected for Lithuania, Moldova and Russia through household surveys (Annex 1) also shows car ownership to be high in Lithuania (at 45 per 100 households) compared to Russia and Moldova, Moldova being the lowest (11 per 100 households). The road density, in km per 1000 people, remained stable for all countries in the sample. Countries with the most extensive networks include Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia; Turkey has the least extensive network in the sample. 8 Data only available for. 9 Data only available for June 6,

8 Graph 7: Road Density in Terms of Population (km per 1000 people) Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Turkey Ukraine UK The road density in terms of land area also remained stable for all countries. While similar in land and population density, Turkey and Ukraine substantially differ in their road structure, with Turkey having a lower road density, despite the fact that Turkey s GDP per capita is more than four times higher than that of Ukraine. Graph 8: Road Density in Terms of Land Area (km per sq. km) Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine UK BOX 1 Benchmarking - How the Average Road Sector Looks Road densities vary from a low of around 0.01 km per sq. km to a high of 4.90 km per sq. km (excluding exceptions), with a mid value of 0.20 km per sq. km. The proportion of the main road network that is paved varies from a low of around 2.5% to a high of 100%, with a mid value of 45.5%. The number of 4-plus wheel vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants varies from a low of around 0.20 to a high of 933.1, with a mid value of At the lower end, about 50% of vehicles are cars, while at the higher end over 90% are cars. The number of 4-plus wheel vehicles per km of road varies from a low of around 0.3 per km to a high of over 200, with a mid value of World-wide the stock of motor vehicles is growing at nearly 3% per year. The number of vehicle km traveled tends to grow somewhat faster than the stock of motor vehicles. Worldwide over 700,000 are killed and over 10 million are injured in road accidents, costing the global economy about US$ 500 billion. About 70% of these accidents take place in developing and transition countries. In developing and transition countries, road accident rates per 10,000 vehicles tend to be 20 to 30 times higher than in industrialized countries and cost up to 2% of GDP. June 6,

9 Service Provision There is a statistically significant relationship between road infrastructure and economic development on a world-wide basis Analysis of 98 countries worldwide has shown that the GNI per capita is linked to the density of the paved road network (per million inhabitants). Road condition also appears to be associated with development (Queiroz, et al). Looking at the ECA Region, a comparison of GNI and Paved Road Density per million inhabitants shows reasonable correlation with the exception of Moldova and Turkey. Graph 9: GNI (GNP) Evolution and Paved Road Density Evolution of GNI (GNP) and Paved Road Density Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine Paved Road Density (km per million inhabitants)gni (GNP) per capita (US$ per capita) However the percentage of paved roads as a proportion of the total road network ranges from a low of around 30% in Ukraine to a high of over 90% in Turkey and Serbia (Graph 10). Indicating significant room for improvement in the network in Latvia and Ukraine. Graph 10: Paved Roads, (% of Total Road Network) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine UK Note: data for Serbia is for the year, and for the UK for the year. June 6,

10 Graph 11 shows the road condition (poor, fair, good) by road type for the countries in the sample. Over 20% of roads are considered to be in poor condition for all road types, with the exception of Motorways in Lithuania and Croatia which were in better condition. Again, illustrating the scope for improvement (and development) in most countries. Graph 11: Road Condition, (as a % of total length) Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads (Local) Main roads (National) Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways Secondary roads Main roads Motorways 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Poor Fair Good Note: Data for Bosnia, Bulgaria and Croatia is presented for. The number of fatalities/injuries per 10,000 cars and per 100,000 people are shown in Graphs 12 to 15. In Turkey and Serbia both the number of fatalities and injuries decreased over the period. In Russia there was an overall increase in the level of fatalities and injuries and also has one of the highest fatality rates (both per 10,000 vehicles and per 100,000 people). In Latvia, fatalities reduced while injuries rose. Turkey has the highest injury rate per 10,000 vehicles (reflecting perhaps the level of congestion) and Croatia the highest per 100,000 people. June 6,

11 Graph 12: Fatalities in Road Motor Vehicle Accidents (Fatalities per 10,000 vehicles) Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey UK Graph 13: Fatalities in Road Motor Vehicle Accidents (Fatalities per 100,000 people) Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine UK Graph 14: Injuries in Road Motor Vehicle Accidents (Injuries per 10,000 vehicles) Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey UK Graph 15: Injuries in Road Motor Vehicle Accidents (Injuries per 100,000 people) Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine UK June 6,

12 Financial Performance Graph 16 presents actual road expenditure in US$ million and expressed as a percentage of GDP. In terms of % GDP, expenditure was highest in Russia (1.36%) and lowest in Turkey (0.41%) in. Over the four year period, expenditure declined in Russia, Croatia, Turkey and Moldova and increased in other countries in the sample. A large proportion of expenditure was for routine maintenance. In Turkey, Croatia and Lithuania a significant portion was also devoted to new construction. Graph 17 shows the actual road expenditure compared with the required road expenditure. No country in this review has met sector investment needs, rarely covering them by 50%. The lowest expenditure compared with demand is in Moldova (with the exception of reflecting EBRD s loan program for the motorway from Chisinau). Graph 18 presents the actual expenditures as a percentage of the required investment (by investment type). It can be seen that new construction is in the rise in Bosnia, Lithuania and Ukraine. In Ukraine, expenditure on road rehabilitation meets demand. While expenditure on routine maintenance is increasing in most countries in the sample, it is generally less than 60% of the needed expenditure, the exception being Lithuania. June 6,

13 Graph 16: Actual Road Expenditure % of GDP Routine maintenance & repair New construction Rehabilitation Other % US$ millions Expenditure for Russia: 5523 (01), 5668 (02), 5911 (03 Expenditure for Turkey: 797 (00), 1094 (01), 1212 (02), 10 June 6,

14 Graph 17: Actual Versus Required Road Expenditures (%) % Actual to Required Expenditure 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Graph 18: Actual Expenditure as a Percentage of the Required Investment, By Investment Type Actual Expenditure as a Percentage of the Required Investment (by investment type) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Bosnia Croatia Latvia Lithuania Moldova Ukraine routine maintenance rehabilitation new construction June 6,

15 Efficiency The technical efficiency of the road transport system has been considered by looking at the annual cost of traveling on roads taking into account the traffic mix, road condition and vehicle operating cost (Annex 1). The results are presented in Table 4 based on the current road condition, and also on the basis that: (i) all poor condition roads are upgraded to fair condition; and (ii) all roads are upgraded to good condition. Annex 1 includes a breakdown of the cost per km traveled by transport mode. The following table presents an estimate of potential savings per km traveled for certain upgrade conditions for the countries in the sample. While Latvia does not have the highest average cost per km traveled, the highest savings potential is in Latvia where only 13% of roads are in good condition. This compares with Turkey with the average cost per km traveled but around 33% of the network in good condition. Table 4: Annual Cost per km Traveled (US$ million per km per year) Country Current Road Condition All Poor Roads Upgraded to Fair Condition All Roads in Good Condition Annual Cost per km Traveled (US$/km/yr) Annual Cost per km Traveled (US$/km/yr) Saving Compared to Current Status (%) Annual Cost per km Traveled (US$/km/yr) Saving Compared to Current Status (%) Latvia Lithuania Moldova Serbia Turkey Discussion Historic data is available for the road sector on access, affordability, quality and safety through standard external datasets and surveys, generally up to / (REDI and Eurostat). For the purposes of this review, data has been collected from road authorities in the respective countries and additionally addresses expenditure and costs, although the amount of financial information provided has varied from country to country. Data collection has covered countries with active Bank programs for the years to. While data has been requested from the Caucasus countries none had been received at the time of writing this note. The best mechanism, at this point, for the continued update of statistics, especially those of a financial nature, would be to obtain data through country road agencies. This could be facilitated by working through sector specialists in each country. June 6,

16 7 References Eurostat Website: Queiroz, Haas and Cai, National Economic Development and Prosperity Related to Paved Road Infrastructure. The World Bank, Poverty and Transport Discussion Paper, TWU-30. The World Bank, Recent Economic Development in Infrastructure: Transport, Work in Progress Draft as of January 2004 by the Transport Division (TUDTR) The World Bank, Review of Motorway Projects and Potential for Public Private Partnerships. The World Bank, Roads and Highways Overview, Transport Website: 8 Acknowledgements The project team would like to thank Anca Dumitrescu, Ben Eijbergen, Bojan Borojevic, Cesar Queiroz, Elena Klochan, George Tharakan, Gleb Zinoviev, Henry Kerali, Jean-Charles Crochet, Michael Audige, Silvia Poghinu, Yuri Miroshnichenko for their help with indicators, data collection and interpretation. June 6,

17 ANNEX 1: Source Data Vehicle Mix and Number Bosnia Passenger cars 580,461 Buses Trucks 48,481 Other 7,905 Total 636,847 Croatia Passenger cars 1,124,825 1,195,473 1,244,250 1,293,436 Buses 4,660 4,770 4,492 4,833 Trucks 113, , , ,292 Other Total 1,242,619 1,320,144 1,377,697 1,436,561 Latvia Passenger cars 525, , , ,081 Buses 90,220 97,081 99, ,734 Trucks 11,556 11,501 11,294 11,164 Other 74,456 76,597 79,018 81,491 Total 701, , , ,470 Lithuania Passenger cars 1,065,415 1,116,473 1,180,718 1,260,034 Buses 15,542 16,631 17,299 16,881 Trucks 73,289 88, , ,326 Other 132, , , ,235 Total 1,286,392 1,383,724 1,479,099 1,580,476 Moldova Passenger cars 222, , , ,433 Buses 6,650 6,911 7,431 7,492 Trucks 61,465 62,895 62,673 62,714 Other (motorcycles, trailers) 42,905 42,631 41,920 40,870 Total 333, , , ,509 Russia Passenger cars 20,247,000 21,152,000 22,342,000 Buses 109, , ,000 Trucks 4,122,000 4,218,000 4,331,000 Other Total 24,478,000 25,477,000 26,774,000 Serbia Passenger cars 1,273,746 1,382,396 1,343,659 Buses 8,949 9,287 8,911 Trucks 111, , ,444 Other 234, ,512 54,020 Total 1,628,240 1,655,357 1,526,034 Turkey Passenger cars 4,422,180 4,534,803 4,600,140 4,643,182 Buses 118, , , ,028 Trucks 394, , , ,808 Other Total 4,934,917 5,050,602 5,119,262 5,164,018 Ukraine Passenger cars 3,300,000 5,200,000 Buses Trucks Other Total June 6,

18 Road Motor Vehicle Accidents Country Bosnia Fdr. # of injuries 3,351 # of fatalities 172 Croatia # of injuries 20,501 22,093 23,923 26,153 # of fatalities Latvia # of injuries 5,449 5,852 6,300 6,639 # of fatalities Lithuania # of injuries 6,960 7,103 7,427 7,279 # of fatalities Moldova # of injuries 3,148 3,388 3,505 3,215 # of fatalities Russia # of injuries 179, , ,678 # of fatalities 29,584 30,916 33,243 Serbia # of injuries # of fatalities Turkey # of injuries 136, , , ,268 # of fatalities 5,566 4,386 4,169 3,966 Ukraine # of injuries # of fatalities June 6,

19 Paved & Unpaved Roads (km) Country Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Paved Unpaved Bosnia Fdr. Motorways Main roads 2,024 2,024 Secondary roads 2,724 2,724 Total road network 4,796 4,796 Bosnia Srpsk Motorways Main roads 1, , , , Secondary roads 1, , , , Total road network 3, , , , Croatia Motorways Main roads 6,943 6, , , Secondary roads 20,707 20,808 20,919 3,334 20,969 Total road network 28,123 28,245 28,344 28,468 Latvia Motorways Main roads 5,475 1,536 5,495 1,467 5,501 1,435 5,556 1,406 Secondary roads 2,433 10,879 2,474 10,884 2,492 10,851 2,511 10,836 Total road network 7,908 12,415 7,969 12,351 7,993 12,286 8,067 12,242 Lithuania Motorways Main roads 1,307 1,307 1,316 1,316 Secondary roads 4, , , , Other* regional roads 5,572 9,151 5,575 9,152 5,713 9,011 5,952 8,769 Total road network 12,078 9,233 12,086 9,230 12,257 9,079 12,528 8,805 Moldova Motorways Main roads (National) 3,168 3,168 3,666 3,666 Secondary roads (Local) 10,702 2,992 10,711 2,983 10,340 2,880 10,345 2,875 Total road network 13,870 2,992 13,879 2,983 14,006 2,880 14,011 2,875 Russia Motorways 3,906 4,307 4,486 4,733 Main roads 669, , , ,312 Secondary roads 79,816 11,785 78,502 79,855 Total road network 753, , , , , , , ,500 Serbia Motorways Main roads 4,295 2 Secondary roads 9, Total road network 14, Turkey Motorways 1, , , ,892 0 Main roads 30, , , , Secondary roads 25,187 4,506 25,846 4,083 26,153 3,897 26,451 3,682 Total road network 57,674 5,190 58,464 4,686 58,797 4,422 59,172 4,211 Ukraine Motorways Main roads Secondary roads Total road network 53, ,906 54, ,812 55, ,614 55, ,308 June 6,

20 Expenditure on Roads (US$/year, million) Country Actual Needed Actual Needed Actual Needed Actual Needed Bosnia. Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector Croatia Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector Latvia Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other (admin & design) Total road sector Lithuania Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector Moldova Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other-equipment procurement Total road sector Russia Routine maintenance & repair 2, , , Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector 5, , , , Serbia Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector Turkey Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction , Other Total road sector , , , Bulgaria Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation New construction Other Total road sector June 6,

21 Expenditure on Roads (US$/year, million) Country Actual Needed Actual Needed Actual Needed Actual Needed Ukraine Routine maintenance & repair Rehabilitation & Construction Capital & middle repair Other -Road economy Total Road Sector June 6,

22 Vehicle Operating Cost by Road Condition Country Cost per Vehicle km (US$), Latvia Poor condition roads Fair condition roads Good condition roads Passenger cars Busses Trucks Other Total Lithuania Moldova Serbia Turkey Passenger cars Busses Trucks Other Total Passenger cars Busses Trucks Other (motorcycles, trailers) Total Passenger cars Busses Trucks Other Total Passenger cars Busses Trucks Other Total Passenger Car Ownership (Units per 100 Households) Lithuania HBS 45 Moldova CIS Statistics 23 HBS 11 Russia CIS Statistics 20 NOBUS 20 June 6,

23 Road Condition and Traffic Mix Country Road Condition & Length (km), Average # of vehicles per day & vehicle type (vpd), Poor Fair Good Total length Passenger cars Buses Trucks Other Total Bosnia Srpsk data Motorways Main roads ,779 4, ,500 Secondary roads 438 1, , Other Total road network 794 1,984 1,190 3,968 5, ,400 Croatia* data Motorways 8, ,747 10,250 Main roads 2, ,706 6,851 2, ,418 Secondary roads 4,033 7,196 4,898 1, ,421 Other Total road network 12, ,287 15,251 Latvia Motorways Main roads 2,010 2,921 2,031 6,962 2, ,040 3,998 Secondary roads 4,008 8, , Other Total road network 6,018 11,680 2,614 20,312 3, ,261 5,068 Lithuania Motorways , , ,782 Main roads ,316 2, ,749 Secondary roads 1,501 1,541 1,837 4,879 1, ,454 Other* regional roads 14, Total road network 1,856 1,978 2,778 21,333 11, , ,343 Moldova Motorways Main roads (National) 2,127 1, ,666 2, , ,019 Secondary roads (Local) 3,365 2, ,271 Other Total road network 5,492 3,395 1,050 9,937 Russia Motorways Main roads Secondary roads Other Total road network June 6,

24 Country Road Condition & Length (km), Average # of vehicles per day & vehicle type (vpd), Poor Fair Good Total length Passenger cars Buses Trucks Other Total Serbia data data Motorways , ,300 9,500 Main roads 2, ,272 4,297 3, ,500 Secondary roads 5,681 1,874 2,100 9,655 1, ,500 Other Total road network 8,062 2,834 3,604 14,500 12, ,335 15,500 Turkey data Motorways ,881 7, ,938 12,354 Main roads 8,122 8,940 14,334 31,396 2, ,109 3,581 Secondary roads 21,282 2,350 6,463 30, Other Total road network 30,185 12,264 20,923 63,372 10,260 1,042 5,170 16,472 Ukraine Motorways 2,212 Main roads 13,995 Secondary roads 153,532 Other - Total road network 169,739 Bulgaria Motorways Main roads Secondary roads Other Total road network June 6,

25 Country Efficiency Annual Cost per km Traveled by Transport Mode Cost of driving per km a day by mode of transport (current road network) Cars Buses Trucks Other Total (US$ per v-km per day) Total (US$ per v-km per year) Cost of driving per km a day by mode of transport (if all poor roads are upgraded to fair condition) Cars Buses Trucks Other Total (US$ per v-km per day) % Savings Compared to Current Total (US$ per v-km per year) Latvia % Lithuania 1, , , , % Moldova % Serbia 1, , , , % Turkey 2,033 1,787 4, ,982 1,761 4, % Country Cost of driving per km a day by mode of transport (if all roads are upgraded to good condition) Cars Buses Trucks Other Total (US$ per v-km per day) % Savings Compared to Current Total (US$ per v-km per year) Latvia % Lithuania 1, , % Moldova % Serbia 1, , % Turkey 1,924 1,730 3, % June 6,

26 Annex 2: Definitions Actual to Required Road Maintenance Expenditure (ratio) Annual Road Expenditure Congestion Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Accidents (estimated per 10,000 vehicles or per 100,000 population) Ratio of road maintenance expenditure to road maintenance requirement. The total amount of expenditure on new construction and extension of existing roads, including reconstruction, maintenance, renewal and major repairs of roads per year as percentage of GDP. Road maintenance expenditure includes the total expenditure that would be required to keep roads in working order. This includes maintenance, patching and running repairs (work related to roughness of carriageways wearing course, roadsides, etc). Number of vehicles per km of the road network. Number of fatalities from road motor vehicle accidents resulting in at least one person killed (within 30 days of the accident s occurrence). Included in the accidents are: collisions between road vehicles, between road vehicles and pedestrians, between road vehicles and animals or fixed obstacles and with one road vehicle alone. Included are collisions between road and rail vehicles. Multivehicle collisions are counted as only one accident provided that no successive collisions happen at very short intervals. Estimated per 10,000 vehicles or per 100,000 of population. Fiscal cost Annual road expenditure as a share of GDP (%) Main Roads (also termed highways or national roads) Motorways Paved Roads Paved Roads as a % of Total Network Percentage of Poor, Fair and Good Condition Roads Required Road Maintenance Expenditure A-level roads that are outside urban areas and other roads outside urban areas. A- level roads are roads outside urban areas that are not motorways but belong to the top-level road network. A-level roads are characterized by a comparatively high quality standard, either non-divided roads with oncoming traffic or similar to motorways. In most countries these roads are financed by the federal or national government. Roads specifically designed and built for motor traffic, which does not serve properties bordering on it, and which (a) is provided, except at special points or temporarily, with separate carriageways for the two directions of traffic, separated from each other, either by a dividing strip not intended for traffic, or exceptionally by other means, (b) does not cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or footpath, (c) is specially sign-posted as a motorway and is reserved for specific categories of road motor vehicles. Entry and exit lanes of motorways are included irrespectively of the location of the signposts. The length of all roads that are surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bitumized agents with concrete or with cobblestones. The length of paved roads as percentage of total road network Percentage of road in according condition to the total country road network Road maintenance requirement includes the amount of financing required per year to keep roads in working order. This includes maintenance, patching and running repairs (work related to roughness of carriageways wearing course, roadsides, etc). June 6,

27 Roads Density km/1000 people and km/1000 sq km Roads in Fair Condition Roads in Good Condition Roads in Poor Condition Secondary Roads (also termed regional roads) Kilometer length of total road network per 1000 people or per 1000 sq. km of the territory respectively. Roads in fair condition include paved roads with defects and weakened structural resistance. They require resurfacing of the pavement, but without the need to demolish the existing pavement. Unpaved roads, which require grading and additional new gravel, plus drainage repair in some places. Roads in good condition include paved roads, largely free of defects, requiring only routine maintenance and perhaps surface treatment. Unpaved roads which need only routine grading and localized repairs. Those roads which are not classed as good or fair condition. Roads that are feeder routes into, and provide main links between highways, main or national roads. Source: Recent Economic Developments in Infrastructure (REDI): Performance Indicators for Transport (draft 17 Jan 2004) June 6,