The Six (6) Basic Characteristics of a Mordent Grid

Transcription

1 The ix (6) Basic Characteristics of a Mordent rid Don Tan 2E ystems, C June 27, 2016

2 Outline A grand challenge World's population to double in 2050 Energy consumption per capita to double in 2050 rid modernization rid modernization is a win-win-win ix (6) basic physical characteristics of a modern grid Electronictization Fractal structure of a modern grid tructured microgrids for renewable integration and grid support Fault isolation, resiliency, and asynchronous generation Fractal rid tructures Facing the grand challenge 2

3 APRA-E 2016 A rand Challenge in Energy 3

4 A rand Challenge: Energy Consumption World energy consumption grows by 53% from 2015 to in in x increase World Energy Assessment, United Nations Development Program,

5 A rand Challenge: Population rowth World population to grow by 32.8% from 2015 to /7.3=1.328 World energy consumption is to double by

6 Aging Infrastructure Age of hardware 70% of transformers 25 years or older 60% of circuit breakers 30 years or older 70% of transmission lines 25 years or older Potential Impact 1x loss of transformer power outage for 500,000 homes ~ 2 years to replace a transformer Weather related power outage $28-$169B in U Over-loaded transmission lines The transmission lines are loaded <50% on average in order to deliver the peak power Bottle neck is the weakest link in the transmission Congestion cost $1 - $2B in the last decade, a report from PJM olden opportunities for new technology insertion 6

7 Modern rid The ix (6) Basic Characteristics of a Modern rid 7

8 arge Investment Projected Total investment of $1.1 Trillion For reliability and replacement purposes Net investment $338B - $476B in 20 years (EPRI), realization of smart grid values Transmission and Distribution Market size reached $ $46.5B in 2013 rid modernization will broaden the traditional investment pool to include government agencies, grid owners, grid operators, and consumers 8

9 rid Modernization: A Basic Question Where would we prefer to invest for our future? Continue with the traditional synchronous generatorbased central generation and passive/static control Develop an electronic storage-based distributed generation and active/dynamic control Or Or everage and modernize the existing infrastructure with electronic storage-enabled distributed generation and active/dynamic control rid modernization is a transformation of the grid with the potential for win-win-win 9

10 The ix (6) Basic Characteristics Electronictization: aying the foundation Fractal architecture: Ensuring energy grid to be infinitely expandable tructured microgrids: Integrating naturally renewables into the grid Fault-Tolerance: Fault isolation Resiliency: elf-recovery from dead bus (black start) Asynchronous (bulk) generation: Regional sync only, reducing cost and improving operational robustness A Modern rid is Electronic, Fractal, tructured, Fault-Tolerant, Resilient, and Asynchronous, Beneficial to All take Holders 10

11 rid Modernization Electronictization: a Foundation 11

12 Before Digitized, It Has to Be Electronictized Electronic Active Dynamic Power Electronics & ystems (PE&), as a system of technologies, brings a suite of technologies to help transform the grid from passive, electric, and electromechanical to active, electronic, electric, and electromechanical Electric and Electromechanical Electronic, Electric and Electromechanical teve W. Blume, Electric Power ystem Basics, IEEE Press & Wiley Inter-sciences,

13 All Things rid Connected rid Connected Power Interface Converters Flexible AC Transmission ystems (ATCOM, VC, APF, C, UPFC, etc.) Intelligent olid-tate Transformers Bi-Directional Power Distribution & Control Units Intelligent olid-tate Circuit Breakers, mart Fuses Electronictization: A Foundation for rid Modernization ynergy among various hardware is critically important D. Tan, Electronictization A Foundation for rid Modernization, Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No.1, March, 2016, pp. - (Invited) 13

14 Electronic Hardware Challenges More functionality and performance to break price barrier High reliability to compete with traditional dumb hardware Adiabatic* power conversion for high power (>98.5%) mall size and footprint for easy installation ow cost to enable wide acceptance and deployment ocation and load insensitive Interoperability of various hardware types National and international regulatory requirements Technology Policy support for adaptation of new technologies with local economic benefits Policies and tandards Challenge: Obtain efficiency, cost and size simultaneously 14 * D. Tan, "Power-Conversion Technology Is oing Adiabatic," in IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 4, Dec. 2015, pp

15 Modern rid Fractal in Nature 15

16 Fractal tructure of a Modern rid A modern grid needs to be infinitely expandable in order to serve us well into the next century Traditional grid? No Hierarchical grid? No, not in the global sense Energy Internet? No Information : Transmission of data does not required current in theory; If you don t use it, you keep it; When there is a failure, you just loose it (The ability for consumers to add an information server freely, as long as you follow the three protocols: RJ45 Ethernet i/f, TIP/IP, and HTM) Energy: Transmission of energy does require current (Infinite expandable=infinite area in the limit); If you don t use it, you loose it; When there is a failure, you destroy the equipment, leading to potential blackouts Modern grid s fractal structure can serve us well into next century 16

17 One Example of Fractal tructure A tree structure 0 th iteration 1 st iteration 8 th iteration 2 nd iteration 3rd iteration 17

18 Fractal tructure of a Modern rid Three (3) fundamental characteristics of fractals imple rules for infinite iterations elf similarity to scale Non-integer dimensions Modern grid s fractal nature Infinite expandable in length But with finite footprint (area) Environment friendly Classical calculus is inadequate in describing the complexity of the modern grid Iterative structure ensured through structured microgrids Challenge: ID minimum invariant structure for a fractal grid 18

19 Modern rid tructured Microgrids for Natural Renewable Integration 19

20 tructured Microgrids: A Definition DoE: A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid (and can) connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode. Extension of the DoE Definition* Integrated with loads, energy sources, storage devices, sensors, and data bus, a structured microgrid is an autonomous subsystem that features 1. Balanced energy over the intended operation/capacity 2. Reconfigurable for stand alone or grid connected 3. Resilient with fault tolerance/fault isolation 4. Bidirectional power flow 5. Modular/scalable - Definition can be extended for multi-port cases 20 *D. Tan, "Emerging ystem Applications and Technological Trends in Power Electronics," IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 2,, June 2015, pp

21 tructured Microgrids (cont d) rid Control/Data Power rid The structured microgrids is conducive to a modern grid that is: Fractal * in nature and structured with building blocks in architecture Infinite extendable, but only with finite footprint, environment friendly Resilient together with asynchronous generation, transmission and distribution *Fractal: imple rules for infinite iterations, self similarity to scale, and non-integer dimensions 21

22 An Illustration of DC-Dominant Microgrid rid Control / Data CMD/ TM rid Power Circuit Breaker ensors, Control, and Processing AC/DC Bi-dir Convert DC Bus Circuit Breaker DC oads DC oads Battery torage DC/AC Convert AC ubbus AC oads AC oads A DC-dominant microgrid Illustration F1 Wind Power 1 RE Back- Up olar Power 22

23 A Fractal Radial Distribution with Ms F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE F3211 F3212 F3221 F3222 RE RE RE RE F21 F22 RE RE F1 1 Bulk Transmission RE 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads 23

24 Modern rid Fault Isolation, Resiliency, and Asynchronous eneration 24

25 Fast Protection Essential The eptember 8, 2011 event clearly indicates the need for fast protection Challenge: Interrupt high current and limit high voltage effectively 25

26 A First Resilient DC Microgrid (IEEE ECCE 15 Keynote, D. Tan) 26

27 Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing 27

28 Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing (cont d) 28

29 Resiliency Example: Dead Bus Recovery 29

30 Asynchronous (Bulk) eneration/distribution A modern grid can be connected asynchronously through, for instance, back-to-back (BtB) dc converters Connection for different frequencies (50 Hz vs. 60 Hz) Connection of regional or (micro)grids to form a larger grid with similar but not synchronized frequencies BtBs can provide asynchronous connection, fault isolation, and local energy generation/storage As proven during the August-2003 U-Canada Blackout between the Midwest-Quebec interconnect New local storage will allow local generation with renewables to be integrated Challenge: Identify the minimum interface protocol to enable asynchronous generation and fault isolation simultaneously 30

31 Asynchronous Bulk eneration BtB Only area control of frequency in synchronism only

32 Inaugural et&d, 2016 Fractal rid tructures 32

33 tructured Microgrid (M): Basic tructure F1 F2 Bulk Transmission RE RE 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads

34 A Radial Distribution with Ms 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads F1 F2 RE RE Bulk Transmission Bulk Transmission F3 F4 F5 RE RE RE 34

35 A Mesh Distribution w/ tructured Microgrids Bulk Transmission B F3 RE F4 F2 RE RE F1 Bulk Transmission A RE 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads 35

36 A Fractal Radial Distribution with Ms F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 F4 RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE F3211 F3212 F3221 F3222 RE RE RE RE F21 F22 RE RE F1 1 Bulk Transmission RE 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads 36

37 A Fractal Mesh Distribution with Ms Bulk Transmission B F5 F3 F5 RE RE RE F4 F5 F2 RE RE RE F5 F1 F5 Bulk Transmission A RE RE RE 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads 37

38 ynchronous Bulk eneration Frequency, f, is the regulating quantity in synchronism

39 Asynchronous Bulk eneration BtB Only area control of frequency in synchronism only

40 Evolution towards a Mordent rid Telecom ensor Network C&DH rid Edge Distribution Transmission Bulk eneration tructured Microgrids MVDC MVDC, & VDC HVDC & HVAC Asynchronous & ynchronous eneration Progress will be from grid edge onwards

41 Foundation Technology Converters Components 2W 3M ystems 1C PE& All Things rid Connected Foundation technology: 3M, 2W, & 1C

42 Releasing the Power of Consumer Investment Consumers rid Owner & Independent Operators Policies & Economics rid Infrastructure Modernization A win-win-win situation

43 FRACTA-rid Contents Fractal: Invariant minimum structure Autonomous tructured Microgrids: Interface protocol Electronic: Adiabatic power conversion, high reliability and low cost Asynchronous: Back-to-back dc/dc for fault isolation and enable asynchronous (bulk) generation Resilient: Dead bus recovery for mix energy sources Fault tolerant: Circuit breaker, current limiter, voltage limiter, and smart fuses Name Fault-tolerant Resilient Asynchronous EleCTronic Autonomous- tructured Fractal rid FRACTA-rid 43

44 APRA-E 2016 Facing the rand Challenge 44

45 Facing the rand Challenge rid capacity is typically two (2) times of daily average 45 rid capacity is over sized and largely underutilized Pete hoemaker, Basics of PV systems for grid-tied applications, PE& Tutorial, 2012

46 A Radial Distribution with Ms 3M Converter Area microgrid control RE Renewable energy source enerators torage - oads F1 F2 RE RE Bulk Transmission Bulk Transmission F3 F4 F5 RE RE RE With 100% balanced, the bulk transmission can be a peak power provider 46

47 Facing the rand Challenge PE& technologies have the potential to enable the grid to meet the world s 2050 energy demand (100% growth) without having to increase the grid s transmission and distribution capacity by Integrating renewable energy through structured microgrids Improving the transmission and distribution efficiency Enhancing flexibility through dynamic control trengthening grid fault tolerance and resiliency PE& technologies will help enable us to meet next century s energy growth challenge and reduce environmental footprint in electricity generation, transmission and distribution 47

48 TPE: Technical Performance Excellence 48