Impact of System Resiliency on Control Center Functions - An Architectural Approach

Transcription

1 Electric Power Control Center Conference (EPCC 14) May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany Impact of System Resiliency on Control Center Functions - An Architectural Approach Khosrow Moslehi, ABB 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 1 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

2 Outline Grid resiliency Threats to the grid Resilience construct and practices Impact of higher resiliency requirement on control centers Grid transformation and resiliency Architectural approaches to control center design Top-down Hierarchical Bottom-up Nested Summary 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 2 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

3 Grid Resiliency Resiliency vs Reliability Resiliency is: ability to reduce the magnitude and/or duration of disruptive events. The effectiveness of a resilient infrastructure or enterprise depends upon its ability to anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and/or rapidly recover from a potentially disruptive event. ¹ ability to reduce the magnitude and duration of disruption. A resilient system downgrades its functionality and alters its structure in an agile way. 2 Reliability is ability of the power system to deliver electricity to customers with acceptable quality and in the amount desired while maintaining grid functionality even when failures occur. 3 ¹ National Infrastructure Advisory Council 2 Brown, RE, Electric power distribution reliability, Boca Raton, FL - CRC Press 3 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) PP NERC 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 3 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

4 High Cost of Power Interruptions Power Interruptions are very costly Annual cost in $10 sb (LBL) NIAC Report - A Framework for Establishing Critical Infrastructure Resilience Goals Optimal Level of Reliability? Large cascading TX outages are rare, but of substantial risk/cost Distribution outages are more frequent but impose much smaller risk/cost per event Grid Resiliency Distribution Reliability Working Group IEEE PES General Meeting July 22-26, ABB Proprietary Slide 4 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

5 Industry Trends and Their Grid Impact Drivers of Change Integration of Renewable Resources and DER Intermittency and unpredictability Two-way flow Changing Generation Resources Diversification of resources, shale gas revolution More distributed and smaller units Optimal Utilization of System Resources More stressed grid, congestion, voltage, etc. Technology Smarter Grid/ Big Data / IoT Regulatory Changes Restructuring Distribution business model Increasing Threat Cyber, physical, etc ABB Proprietary Slide 5 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

6 Increasing Threat Example: Significant US Weather and Climate Events (2012) 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 6 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

7 Significant US Electric Grid Disturbances Weather vs Non-Weather-Related (1333 Incidents, ) Source: LBL 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 7 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

8 Large Blackouts in the US Statistics for Outage Cause Categories (NERC Data, )* *IEEE PES GM 2008; Hines, et al Trends in the History of Large Blackouts in the US Cyber attacks Geomagnetic/Solar storms 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 8 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

9 Major Threats to the Grid Weather-related Events Often with significant impact at the distribution level Equipment Failure Operator Error Voltage Problems Infrastructure Interdependencies Fuel - supply shortage Telecomm Control Center Availability Cyber Threats Others 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 9 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

10 Resilience Construct* Prevention, Response & Recovery Robustness: Ability to keep operating in the face of disaster Resourcefulness: Ability to skillfully manage a disaster as it unfolds, i.e. identifying options, prioritizing & communicating Rapid Recovery: Capacity to get things back to normal as quickly as possible, i.e. contingency plans, emergency operations, and means to get people/resources to places in need Adaptability: Means to absorb new lessons that can be drawn from a catastrophe *National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC) 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 10 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

11 Resilience Practices Transmission Example 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 11 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

12 Resilience Practices Impact on Control Center Applications Robustness Forecasting resources, demands contingency def Simulation potential attacks/risks Operations scheduling /Analysis Equipment health Resourcefulness Forecasting equipment rating, contingency definition Monitoring / UX Analysis/Scheduling/Dispatch Rapid Recovery Outage Management & Restoration Islanded/partial operation Adaptability New Capabilities, Architecture and Practices More integrated/holistic solution Highly Available Physical and Cyber Secure Control Center infrastructure 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 12 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

13 Example Robustness Equipment Health and Its Impact on Real-Time Systems Integrated Asset Management and Grid Operation Connecting engineering, operations and maintenance Integrating disparate data via common information model Integrating insight and action via advanced analytics Connecting real-time control to enterprise application software Higher availability Realistic equipment ratings ABB Ability Connected Asset Lifecycle Management 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 13 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

14 Example Robustness, Resourcefulness & Rapid Recovery Distribution Management System 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 14 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

15 Potential Impact on Control Centers cont d IT System High availability Cyber security Functional Capability Forecasting Situational awareness including monitoring, alarming, estimation and analysis Optimal decision making and control Simulation Restoration Changing Landscape Distributed resources DERs, etc. PMUs, AMIs, sensors, etc. New players Solution Architecture 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 15 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

16 Architectural Impact Multi-Tier Environment Whose Control Center? Multiple players What Architecture? Decentralized & variable resources Rapid telemetry and response Big Data Source: LBL Full and partial operation Distributed Intelligent Systems Architecture? Resilience? 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 16 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

17 Hierarchical Architectural Top-down Physical and Operational Perspective 3-dimensional space (Organizational, Geographical, Functional) Distribution and coordination of functional tasks in a virtual hierarchy in three dimensions: Organizational Grid Operations, Control Area, Substation Operator Geographical/Physical Region 1, Region 2, j. Substation 1, Substation 2, n, Functional Forecasting Alarming Voltage control, 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 17 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

18 Organization and Geographical Dimensions 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 18 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

19 Functional Dimension Conventional Centralized Single Function Implementation 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 19 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

20 Distributed Function Two Levels 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 20 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

21 Distributed Function All Levels 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 21 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

22 Autonomous Intelligent Functional Agents Distribution of Functional Responsibilities Agents are deployed in a virtual hierarchy Agents coordinate execution of functional (data processing, monitoring, analysis, control, etc.) Agents cover time scales ranging from operational scheduling through subsecond periods 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 22 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

23 Distributed Autonomous System 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 23 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

24 Distributed Autonomous System Temporal Coordination by Control Execution Cycles 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 24 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

25 Distributed Autonomous System Non-passive Distribution System Two-way flows: Generation + Storage + DR + Demand 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 25 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

26 Bottom-up Transformation of the Grid Resiliency Perspective Consumers becoming prosumers Microgrids Two-way network flows Sensing, communications and computing resources Internet of Things or IoT Need for orchestrated interaction of these autonomous entities Transactive Energy Reliability Resiliency 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 26 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

27 Nested Architecture Bottom-up Microgrid Perspective A microgrid is a discrete energy system consisting of distributed energy sources (including demand response, storage, and generation) and loads capable of operating in parallel with, or independently from, the main power grid. DOE: A microgrid generally operates while connected to the grid, but importantly, it can break off and operate on its own using local energy generation in times of crisis like storms or power outages, or for other reasons ABB Proprietary Slide 27 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

28 Microgrid A Conceptual Model Microgrid Grid subnetwork Generation Storage Load DR etc. Power Grid Cloud Local demand and resources + Exchange with the rest of the grid (cloud) 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 28 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

29 Distribution Systems A Nested Model Distribution SS Distribution SS n 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 29 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

30 Nested Grid Model Microgrid Model as the Core Element Each customer/prosumer (or a group of them on the same lateral) can be considered a mini microgrid or nano-grid (e.g. n-grid i) n-grid i Each distribution feeder including all or a subset of its customers/prosumers collectively can be considered to be a microgrid Micro-Grid j n-grid k n-grid 2 n-grid ABB Proprietary Slide 30 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

31 Nested Grid Model Groups of Microgrids Supper Micro-Grid m Micro-Grid i n-grid k n-grid 2 n-grid 1 Micro-Grid j n-grid k Micro-Grid 2 n-grid 2 n-grid 1 n-grid k Micro-Grid 1 n-grid n-grid 2 k n-grid 1n-Grid 2 n-grid ABB Proprietary Slide 31 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

32 Nested Grid Model Distribution Grid Modeled as a Set of Super Microgrids 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 32 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

33 Nested Grid Model Potential Value Supports two-way energy and communication flows Scalable model Plug-and-play / interoperable Distributed autonomous monitoring and control Uniform economic/market interaction Enables Transactive Energy exchanges Increases resiliency Normal economic transactions Emergency exchanges 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 33 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

34 Summary Grid resiliency concept and construct Threats to the grid and utility industry trends Focus areas for improving resiliency Potential impact on control centers Architectural view De-centralized control centers Hierarchical Nested 2017 ABB Proprietary Slide 34 K Moslehi, ABB EPCC 14 - May 14-17, Wiesloch, Germany

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