Air Emissions. Transport. Natural Gas. Inputs and raw materials. Transport. and Distribution. Air Emissions. - Leaks - Freight transport

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4 Crude Extraction Transport Air Emissions - Heavy Oil Burning - Emissions Generating electricity consumed Crude Freight transport Air Emissions Inputs and raw materials Natural Gas Refinery Other products - Natural Gas Burning - Emissions Generating electricity consumed Diesel Transport and Distribution Service Station Vehicle Operation Air Emissions - Leaks - Freight transport Air Emissions Water Coal Vehicle combustion Reservoir - Land Transformation - Biogenic Methane Hydropower Fuels Occupation and land transformation Transport and Distribution Thermoelectric Coal Burning Air Emissions charge point Vehicle Operation

5 - Pre-harvest burning -Aplication of fertilizers - Using agricultural machinery Inputs and raw materials Sugar Cane Fertilizers and pesticides Fuels Occupation and land transformation Water Capturing CO2 and solar energy Production of molasses and sugar Inputs and raw materials molasses Bioethanol Production Bioethanol Fermentation Sugar Self-generated electricity Charcoal Burning bagasse and Charcoal Transport - Freight transport - Freight and transport Distribution Bagasse Inputs and raw materials Oil Palm Bunches - Changing land use Application of fertilizers Using agricultural machinery Freight transport Extraction and Refining of Palm Oil - Combustion fiber and shell - Water tretment Service Satation Inputs and Inputs and raw materials raw materials Refining of Palm Oil Water tretment Production Biodiesel Vehicle operation Vehicle combustion Biodiesel byproducts - Combustion boiler - Water treatment - Freight transport

6 Vehicle Category Vehicles Classification Criteria Energy Source Exhaust emission factors (g km-1) (SDA, 2010) a Fuel Economy b Design vehicle occupancy CO 2 CO NOx PM 2.5 unit Electricity 5 km/kwh 4 Motorclycle 4- strokes, <150 c.c Motorclycle 4- strokes, c.c Light Duty Vehicles E10 car without TWC ; >1400 c.c. E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c NG km/m 3 3 Diesel NG km/m 3 19 Public Diesel transportation Diesel BRT Electric Electricity N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.5 km/kwh 160 BRT B5 Diesel NG E-5 3.2E km/m NG: natural gas; BRT: Bus Rapid Transit; B5: blend 5% biodiesel-diesel; E10: blend 10% bioethanol-gasoline; TWC: Three-way catalyst. a. Exhaust emission factors for a Bus C, BRT TransMilenio B5 and motorcycles 4T (<150 cm3 and> 150 cm3) were provided by the local environmental authority (Bogota, Colombia) b. Fuel consumptions for each vehicle were calculated from measured exhaust emission factors, the carbon content of the fuel and a carbon mass balance (UPME, 2003). Fuel economy for an electric car (Donateo et al., 2014); BRT Electric (BYD Motor Colombia SAS, ap. 2013).

7 Public transportation E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c. E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c. E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c kg CO2-eq/km-passenger Eletricity production fromcoal production Diesel production Hydroelectric power production Natural Gas Production Vehicle operation Bioethanol production Biodiesel production 0.20

8 Public transportation E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c. E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c. E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c mg PM 2.5 /km-passenger Eletricity production from coal production Diesel production Hydroelectric power production Natural Gas Production Vehicle operation Bioethanol production Biodiesel production Public transportation E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c. E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c. E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c g CO/km-passenger Eletricity production from coal production Diesel production Hydroelectric power production Natural Gas Production Vehicle operation Bioethanol production Biodiesel production

9 Public transportation E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c. E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c. E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, c.c. Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c g NOx/km-passenger Eletricity production from coal production Diesel production Hydroelectric power production Natural Gas Production Vehicle operation Bioethanol production Biodiesel production 1.5

10 Kg CO2-eq/km-passenger Public transportation mg PM2.5/km-passenger E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c. Public transportation E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c. 0 E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c. Public transportation Public transportation E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes c.c. Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c g CO/km-passenger g NOx/km-passenger

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