Energy and Greenhouse Gas Implications of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas L. Mr. Kritana Prueksakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Shabbir H.

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1 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Implications of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas L. Mr. Kritana Prueksakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Shabbir H. Gheewala* The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand * Corresponding author: shabbir_g@jgsee.kmutt.ac.th

2 Presentation Outline Introduction Background of Jatropha Life cycle assessment (LCA) LCA of biodiesel from Jatropha Discussion Conclusion

3 Source : Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy Development & Efficiency (2005). Thailand s Energy Import energy import (billion baht) Electricity Coal Petroleum year

4 Source : Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (2005). Expected Demand of Diesel in Thailand 50 million liter/day 85 million liter/day 60 million liter/day B million liter/day

5 Jatropha curcas Linnaeus

6 Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (physic nut, purging nut, sa-bu-dum etc.) Oil plant in tropical zone. Survive in waste land. Height: 3-5 m. Maturity: after 4-5 years. Life span: over 20 years.

7 Exploitation of Jatropha Curcas L. (Bagani, 2004; Becker, 1999; Chutkaew, 2006; Gubitz, 1999)

8 Considerations The oil yields of Jatropha is low in poor land. 1) Net energy gain or loss? and how much? 2) Large consumption of resources? 3) New process, activity and product. Incomplete information. Source of emission release?

9 Life Cycle Assessment: LCA Materials Energy Process Other life cycles Products Wastes Byproducts Material extraction Material processing Product manufacturing Product use, maintenance, upgrade recovery disposal

10 LCA methodology Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications: Product development and improvement Marketing Strategic planning for researchers, producers and policymakers... Procedural framework of LCA. Source: ISO (1997)

11 Goal-objective of study To assess the life cycle energy use and global warming potential for Jatropha biodiesel production and use.

12 Scope of work The main analysis includes 1) farming process in concept of annual crop. 2) Jatropha oil extraction is operated by screw press machine. 3) biodiesel conversion process is operated by common facility model of transesterification 4) Usage of Jatropha methyl ester (JME)

13 Scope of work (cont ) Functional unit chosen is 1 GJ of liquid fuel. The environmental impact category is limited to global warming potential. The comparison is done with diesel as baseline. The allocation of environmental burdens to co-products is done on the basis of energy. The main results included are estimates of 1) overall energy requirements (excluding the production of herbicide and insecticide) 2) greenhouse gas emissions.

14 Scope of work (cont ) The keys assumptions are 1) Jatropha biodiesel meets the biodiesel standard 2) 1 GJ of biodiesel and diesel can be used for driving vehicle based on diesel engine for the same distance 3) The Jatropha growing requires the process of land preparation and new cutting set every 5 years to gain the satisfactory outputs 4) The distance for both diesel and biodiesel production facilities from the gas station is 100 km.

15 The system boundary of Jatropha Methyl Ester production

16 Inventory and background Jatropha plantation - Faculty of Agriculture Kamphaeng Saen Campus Kasetsart University - Annual crop; area 6.5 rai (1 rai = 1,600 m 2 ) - Crop density 2 x 1 m (800 trees/rai)

17 - Propagation - Cutting

18 - Land preparation - 1. Ploughing 2. Harrowing 3. Furrowing

19 - Plantation -

20 - Watering - watering 7,200 m 3 /rai/year by pumping

21 - Fertilizing - Fertilizer chemical formula kilogram/rai/year

22 - Harvesting - Fresh fruit yield 2,500 kg/rai/year

23 Unit process of Jatropha farming

24 Jatropha oil production process

25 - Fruit drying - Fresh fruit yield 2,500 kg/rai/year 2,000 kg/rai/year

26 - Seed cracking capacity 120 kg seed/hour Seed 800 kg per rai

27 Jatropha seed pressing : Screw press capacity 25 liters oil/hour Jatropha oil 200 L. screw pressing engine

28 purification by filtering capacity 150 liters/hour Sediment

29 Unit process of Jatropha oil pressing

30 Transesterification (Alcoholysis) extraction refining Oil Crude oil Refined oil Transesterification with methanol Biodiesel Glycerol

31 Unit process of biodiesel conversion

32 Result and discussion

33 Net energy results of Life Cycle Impact Assessment process Total 884 Transesterification 353 Filtering 3 Oil pressing 69 Cracking Fertilization Fertilizer Irrigation Cultivation 2 Land preparation MJ Energy consumption for producing 1 GJ of Jatropha methyl ester and co-products

34 Net energy results of Life Cycle Impact Assessment process Total Biodiesel 1000 Glycerin Seed cake Peel Coat Leaves Wood Energy gain from the whole process of Jatropha Methyl Ester production per FU (1 GJ of JME) MJ

35 Global warming potential of JME (1) 4.7% 0.2% (2) (8) 24.3% (7) 0.5% (3) 26.1% (1) Land preparation (2) Cultivation (3) Irrigation Fertilization (4) Fertilizer (5) Cracking 10.9% (6) (6) Oil pressing (7) Filtering 3.0% (5) (4) 30.3% (8) Transesterification Representative carbon dioxide outputs for producing biodiesel from Jatropha by transesterification

36 Global warming potential of JME 300 kgco 2 eq 2 eq (1) Production phase (1) production phase (2) Transportation during production phase (2) transportation during production phase (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) diesel JME biodiesel (3) product transport (3) Product transport (4) End-use (4) end-use (5) Total (5) total Comparison of life cycle GHG emissions of biodiesel and diesel

37 Interpretation Environmental improvement The production process should be improved first. Transesterification Fertilization Irrigation Recommendation Main sources of impacts 1. Alteration and maintenance of engine. 2. Find out the optimum input values for irrigation and fertilization process.

38 CONCLUSION The results of the study show a net energy gain from JME. GHG emissions from the production of biodiesel are less than diesel. Data are from one pilot plantation site. Data of biodiesel production and use are from secondary sources. Depletion of resource Nutrient enrichment from fertilization Ecological & human toxicity from chemical use Jatropha toxicity Cost of investment More consideration

39 Thank you for your kind attention

40 Scope: criteria of impacts Relevant LCI data Impact potentials Scale CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CO, NMCH 4 ; g CO 2 -eq. Global warming Global

41 Biodiesel properties from different feedstock types Vegetable oil Kinematic viscosity at 20 o C(mm 2 /s) Cetan no. ( o C) Heating Value (MJ/kg) Density (kg/l) Jatropha Jatropha biodiesel Soya bean Soya bean biodiesel Vaitilingom, G. and Liennard, A. (1997) Various vegetable oils as fuel for diesel and burners: J. curcas particularities. In: Gubitz, G. M., Mittelbach, M., and Trabi, M., editors, Biofuels and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas, Managua, Nicaragua.