LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case
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1 IPLC October 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case WMJ Achten, P Vandenbempt, E Mathijs, B Muys
2 Introduction Big interest in Biofuels Climate change Geopolitical reasons Biofuel directives, targets, missions, But, increasing criticism as well Land use conflicts (natural systems, food production) Higher environmental impacts (greenhouse gas, biodiversity loss, loss of hydrological control) Oil palm has been criticized in this debate Conflict with nature and food 2
3 Objective Evaluating the environmental performance of a production system producing both Oil palm cooking oil as biodiesel Life Cycle Assessment approach is best available tool (Frederiksson et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2004; 2002; Zemanek et al., 1999) Specific objectives Assessing environmental impacts of case study Suggesting optimization options (waste water treatments) Modelling present scenario and compare it with a fossil diesel system and optimized bio-diesel systems. 3
4 Material & Method Goal and Scope Functional unit (FU) 100 km driven fueled with biodiesel Impact categories Fossil energy use (MJ/FU) Global warming potential (kg CO 2 -eq) Acidification (kg SO 2 -eq) Eutrophication (kg O 2 -eq) Land use (%PNV) System boundaries Nursery Car tank transportation, by-products and infrastructure and maintenance at all process steps Reference and Allocation Fruit production Oil extraction Press Cake Palm kernel Waste water Refinery Oleine Transesterification Glycerin Vehicle 4
5 Material & Method Goal and Scope Oil palm system Cultivation System boundary expansion By-products Substitution Reference system Extraction FFB Extraction PKO PKO + AE Crude oil CPO POME PKM PKM + local animal feed Processing Refinery Stearin Transesterification Olein FFA CPO Distribution and storage Diesel Diesel Glycerine Glycerine Engine combustion X 100 km Engine combustion 5
6 Material & Method - Inventory First hand factory and plantation data 3 locations: Dibombari SPFS Eséka Expert interviews Literature data Mean values + standard deviation 6
7 Material & Method Impact assessment Fossil energy use Impact calculation Sum of fossil energy use through life cycle Unit MJ FU -1 Global warming potential Sum of GHG emissions (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) through life cycle Kg CO 2 -eq FU -1 Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Sum of NH 3, NO x and SO x emissions through life cycle Sum of N emissions and flows to water ways and/or groundwater Kg SO 2 -eq FU -1 Kg O 2 -eq FU -1 Calculations: Monte Carlo protocol in MatLab ( runs) 7
8 Material & Method Impact assessment 8
9 Soil fertility (Sf) Soil structure (Ss) Biomass production (Bp) Vegetation structure (Vs) On-site water balance (Wb) Biodiversity (α-bd) CEC BS SOM Infiltration rate TAB fnpp LAI Vert. space distr. ET Soil cover Species diversity i ref proj, i IS * * 100 LU I I Occ ESQ i EFQ A A t PNV IS IS Sf Ss Value LU PNV IS 3 Value IS Project 3 Bd Vs Value PVN LU Ch LU Occ,Project LU Occ, Former IS IS Bp Wb 9
10 Results Fossil energy use Reduction: 45% 10
11 Results Global warming potential Reduction: 77% 11
12 Results Acidification potential Reduction: 13% 12
13 Results Eutrophication potential Increase: 35% NOx from Biodiesel Combustion 13
14 Results Eutrophication potential Increase: 35% 14
15 Waste Water scenarios Fruit production Oil extraction 1. Dumped (case study) Press Cake Palm kernel Waste water 2. In ponds without CH 4 recovery Refinery Oleine Transesterification 3. In ponds with CH 4 recovery (biogas) Glycerin Vehicle 15
16 Oil palm system Cultivation System boundary expansion By-products Substitution Reference system Extraction FFB Extraction PKO PKO + AE Crude oil CPO POME PKM PKM + local animal feed Processing Refinery Stearin Transesterification Olein FFA CPO Distribution and storage Diesel Diesel Glycerine Glycerine Engine combustion Engine combustion 16
17 Oil palm system Cultivation System boundary expansion By-products Substitution Reference system Extraction FFB Extraction CPO POME Refinery Stearin Transesterification PKO PKM (M.III: biogas from POME) Olein FFA PKO + AE PKM + local animal feed (FRef II: natural gas) CPO Processing Crude oil Distribution and storage Diesel Diesel Glycerine Glycerine Engine combustion Engine combustion 17
18 Results Fossil energy use 18
19 Results Global warming potential 19
20 Results Acidification potential 20
21 Results Eutrophication potential 21
22 Results Land use occupation impact Land use occupation mid point indicator scores LU Occ PNV LU PNV Project LU Ch LU Occ,Project LU Occ, Former 22
23 Results Land use change impact Land use occupation mid point indicator scores I ESQ IS Sf IS 3 Bd IS Bp I EFQ IS Ss IS Vs 3 IS Wb 23
24 Results Land use impact Impact of direct land use change and land use occupation Agriculture Oil palm Forest Oil palm 24
25 Carbon debt Vandenbempt,
26 Carbon debt Vandenbempt,
27 Discussion The Oil palm system under research is interesting LCA No complete sustainability evaluation No socio-economic impact Land use impact Still problematic Proposed method works but still needs further efforts for incorporation in LCA method No indirect land use is considered 27
28 Conclusions Big reduction in energy use and global warming potential is possible Fertilizers are among the biggest contributors for all impact categories optimization option Waste water treatment with biogas production brings eutrophication to acceptable levels optimization option Land use is very important, but is still difficult in LCA Per functional unit? Direct and indirect land use conflicts? 28
29 Thank you for your kind attention Wouter Achten (wouter.achten [at] ees.kuleuven.be) Bart Muys (bart.muys [at] ees.kuleuven.be) Acknowledgments: *VLIR-UOS 29
LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case
IPLC 18-20 October 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case WMJ Achten, P Vandenbempt, E Mathijs, B Muys Introduction Big interest
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