GHG Emissions: From Oil Palm Cultivation to Biodiesel Production

Transcription

1 GHG Emissions: From Oil Palm Cultivation to Biodiesel Production Dato Dr. Mohd Basri Wahid Director General Malaysian Palm Oil Board Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities, Malaysia

2 Presentation Outline Biofuel Policy Demand and Supply EU Directive LCA Oil Seed and Oil Palm Upstream Land Use Change, GHG Emissions Conclusion

3 National Biofuel Policy Released in March 2006 Use of environment-friendly, sustainable and viable alternative source of energy in order to reduce dependency on depleting fossil fuels; and Enhanced prosperity and well-being of all the stakeholders in the agriculture and commodity-based industries, through stable and remunerative prices

4 Five Strategic Thrusts Thrust 1: Biofuel for Transport Sector Thrust 2: Biofuel for Industrial Sector Thrust 3: Biofuel Technologies Thrust 4: Biofuel for Export Thrust 5: Biofuel for Cleaner Environment

5 Mandatory Blending (Biodiesel) Require 500,000 tpa biodiesel for 5% blend RM 200 million allocated for implementation February 2009 in Government Vehicles, subsequent nationwide

6 Biodiesel Production 12 biodiesel plants in operation with combined capacity of 1.5 million tpa Four plants completed, yet to start operation (190,000 tpa)

7 Progress of Approved Biodiesel Projects (October 2008) Mil. Tonnes * In Operation Construction Completed Construction Biodiesel Capacity 1,472, , ,000 1,306,500 6,620,130 Feedstock Requirement 1,498, , ,000 1,315,895 6,787,276 * 12 biodiesel plants (include the capacity for expansion) Pre- Construction Planning

8 Production and Export of Biodiesel (Tonnes) and CPO Prices (RM/Tonne) (Oct 2007 Oct 2008) '000 Tonnes RM/Tonne 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Biodiesel Production (Tonnes) Biodiesel Export (Tonnes) CPO Prices (RM/Tonne)

9 Scope: Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas emissions Comparison on the basis of the fuel (gco 2 eq/mj) cultivation biomass transport conversion biofuel fossil fuel comparator biofuel distribution use of biofuel

10 Off limit areas Highly biodiverse land High carbon stock land Wetlands, peatlands and continuously forested areas

11 Calculation of GHG emissions E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u e ccs e ccr e ee E e ec e l e p e td e u e ccs e ccr e ee total emissions emissions from the extraction/cultivation of raw materials annualized emissions from C stock changes caused by land use change emissions from processing emissions from transport and distribution emissions from the fuel in use emission savings from C capture and sequestration emission savings from C capture and replacement emission savings from excess electricity from cogeneration

12 Damage Categories No Impact Category Damage Category Emissions to Examples 1 Carcinogens Human Health Air, Water & Soil Chlorinated compounds, Heavy metals 2 Respiratory Organics Human Health Air Organic particulates 3 Respiratory inorganics Human Health Air Particles from combustion processes 4 Climate Change Human Health Air CO2 from combustion, CH4 from anaerobic digestion 5 Radiation Human Health Air, water & soil Cobalt, hydrogen, Radon, Plutonium etc 6 Ozone Layer Human Health Air CFC 11, HCFC 22 7 Ecotoxicity Ecosystem Quality Air, water & soil Pesticides, Heavy metals 8 Acidification Eutrophication Ecosystem Quality Air Water SOx, NOx NO3 from fertilizers, Nitrogen& Phosphate compounds 9 Land Use Ecosystem Quality - Emissions from raw materials, traffic 10 Minerals Resources - Al, Fe, Cu, Pb 11 Fossil Fuels Resources - Coal, oil, gas (Goedkoop & Spriensma 2001)

13 Different Phases of Palm Products Production Land Preparation Palm Seedling Oil Palm (immature) Palm based products Upstream Oil Palm (mature) Biomass In Estates Palm Fruit Bunches Biomass Agro-based Products Renewable Energy Midstream Crude Palm Oil Kernel Palm Kernel Cake Compost (as soil Conditioner/fertiliser) Mulch (Estates) Refined Oil Palm Kernel Oil Animal Feed Downstream Export Processed Food (Cooking Oil etc.) Processed Non food (Biodiesel, Alpha SME etc.) Processed Food Processed Non food Export

14 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of production of CPO Characterization

15 LCI of OP cultivation, for production of 1 ton FFB Input Output / parameters N (kg) P2O5 (kg) K2O (kg) Diesel (l) Pesticides Yield (t/ha) Average over 102 estates

16 Comparison of fertilizer usage for oil palm and oil seed crop (kg/t oil) N P2O5 Pesticides Oil Palm Soya Bean Sunflower Rapeseed Source: FAO 1999

17 Total CO2 Emissions in Plantation Total CO2 emission in the plantation = 7 g CO2/MJ biodiesel, Much lower than 18 gco2 /MJ (EU)

18 GHG Emission Savings Type of Biodiesel Palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) Palm Oil Biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill) Typical GHG Emission savings (%) Soyabean oil biodiesel 40 Rapeseed oil biodiesel 45 Sunflowerseed oil biodiesel 58 Source: European Commission 7 th Nov 2008

19 kg C m -2 y M A P kg C m -2 y - 1 g C m -2 y Forest Sago Oil Palm kg C m -2 y Melling et al. TELLUS,

20 2000 Annual CH 4 flux mg C m -2 y M A P IPCC estimated value of 54,750 mg C m -2 yr - 1 mg C m -2 y mg C m -2 y F S P mg C m -2 y Melling et al. Soil Biol & Biochem. 2005

21 mg N m -2 y mg N m -2 y M A P 0 F S P mg N m -2 y mg N m -2 y Melling et al. SSPN

22 Land Use Change Lightly forested area (181 t/ha) to oil palm (189 t/ha)* Logged-over forest to oil palm Grassland (82 t/ha) to oil palm (189 t/ha)* Rubber, Cocoa, Coconut to oil palm Peat to oil palm Shallow Vs Deep peat Setting up Tropical Peat Research unit Source: * EU proposal January 2008

23 The Way Forward Developing countries have social equity in biofuel production Afforestation, reforestation, Avoided deforestation and Reduced Emissions from degradation and Deforestation (REDD) negotiated for compensation Tier 2 and Tier 3 data to be collected to quantify emission and sequestration to obtain carbon footprint (CFP) Continuous improvement for enhancing sustainability

24 Conclusion Malaysian palm oil is produced in a sustainable manner Malaysia is implementing biodiesel blending in February 2009 LCA for the whole supply chain is ongoing and iterative Some data have been submitted to JRC/EC Research ongoing to clarify controversies

25 Acknowledgement Dato Dr Choo Yuen May Dr Chan Kook Weng Dr Lim Weng Soon Dr Puah Chiew Wei Dr Zulkifli Hashim Dr S. Vijaya Dr Tan Yew Ai

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27 Direct planting in biomass Chipping of EFB Applying POME to Chipped EFB windrow Applying POME to Chipped EFB windrow

28 Production of compost from EFB and effluent Asia Green

29 Effluent pond Tank Digester Poly ethylene membrane