Rigid Dynamics in LAMMPS

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1 Rgd Dynamcs n LAMMPS Davd Keffer Department of Materals Scence & Engneerng Unversty of Tennessee, Knoxvlle date begun: March 8, 206 date last updated: March 22, 206 Table of Contents I. Purpose of Document... 2 II. Revew of Rgd Body Dynamcs... 2 III. Smulaton of Rgd Molecules... 4 III.A. Smulaton of a Sngle Carbon Doxde Molecule... 4 III.B. Smulaton of a System of Carbon Doxde Molecules... 5 Appendx A. Carbon Doxde: confg_co2_.txt... 6 Appendx B. Carbon Doxde: nput_co2_.txt... 7 Appendx C. Carbon Doxde: nput_co2_sys.txt... 8 Appendx D. Carbon Doxde: confg_co2_sys.txt... 0

2 I. Purpose of Document The purpose of ths document s to provde a practcal ntroducton to the smulaton of rgd molecules n LAMMPS. Ths s useful, for example, wth molecules lke carbon doxde, whch have hgh vbratonal frequences for the C=O bonds. To smulate the flexble system requres a very small tme step. Often the approxmaton of the molecule as a rgd body s suffcent to capture the physcs of nterest and offers a sgnfcant putatonal savngs. II. Revew of Rgd Body Dynamcs We consder a molecule wth N apm atoms per molecule. Each atom has a poston, r, and velocty, v, n the laboratory frame of reference. The dynamcs of a rgd body are dvded nto translaton of the center of mass and rotaton about the center of mass. Each molecule has a center of mass poston, defned as N apm mr R () = N apm = m The velocty of the center of mass of a molecule N apm apm dr m m v dr = dt = v = = (2) N N dt m m apm = N apm = The acceleraton of the center of mass of a molecule a dv dt = Napm dv m dt = Napm = m = Napm = m a = Napm m = Napm = Napm = f m = Napm = m f = m f (3) where we have nvoked Newton s equaton of moton, f = ma, on a partcle bass. Ths moton of the center of mass consttutes the translatonal degrees of freedom of the molecule. 2

3 We observe that the trajectory of the center of mass can be obtaned based upon the forces evaluated at each atomc poston, somethng that LAMMPS s well suted to evaluate. To descrbe the rotatonal degrees of freedom, we must defne the torque on the rgd body, Napm ( r R ) f T (4) = Agan we note that the torque about the center of mass s entrely defned by the pont postons and forces. The moment of nerta of a set of ponts about ther center of mass s defned as I N apm 2 m R = r (5) Newton s second law for rotatonal dynamcs relates the torque to the angular acceleraton, α, and the angular velocty, ω. T = I + ω I ω (6) α The angular velocty of a rgd object s the same for all ponts and can thus be evaluated from any sngle pont be evaluated ( r R ) v ω = (7) r R 2 These equatons thus provde the angular acceleraton and angular velocty based on knowledge of the pont postons, veloctes and forces. The acceleraton of any pont on the rgd object s gven by a ( r R ) + ω ( ω ( r R )) + a = a (8) The knetc energy of the rgd body has translaton and rotatonal ponents KE = KE tran + KE rot (9) 3

4 where KE 2 = v (0) 2 tran m rot I ω 2 2 KE = () For a nonlnear molecule translatng and rotatng n three-dmensonal space, each of these motons contans three degrees of freedom. The molecule can translate n the x, y and z dmensons. The molecule can rotate about the x, y and z axes. Therefore accordng to the equpartton theorem, KE tran 3 = KErot = kt (2) 2 Note that the knetc energy of the system f all atoms were treated ndependently s KE nd N apm = m 2 = 2 3 v = N apmkt (3) 2 Ths s a totally dfferent quantty. One consequence of ths s that the LAMMPS mand for creatng ntal veloctes for partcles sets them to a specfc temperature based on the assumpton of ndpendence (equaton (3)). Therefore, f the system s actually posed of rgd bodes, the ntal temperature based on ths approach wll be wrong for both the translaton and rotatonal degrees of freedom. To my knowledge, LAMMPS does not have a way to create correct ntal veloctes correspondng to a set pont temperature for rgd bodes. III. Smulaton of Rgd Molecules In ths secton we frst smulate a sngle molecule of carbon doxde, then we smulate a system of carbon doxde molecules. III.A. Smulaton of a Sngle Carbon Doxde Molecule 4

5 An ntal confguraton for a sngle carbon doxde, CO2, molecule s gven n Appendx A confg_co2_.txt. The nput confguraton has 3 atoms of 2 types (C & O), 2 bonds of one type (C=O), and angle of type (O=C=O). Importantly, the dstance between atoms corresponds to the equlbrum bond dstance, whch wll not vary durng the smulaton snce the molecule s rgd. In other words, you should make sure that your nput confguraton s consstent wth the rgd potental. A LAMMPS nput fle s gven n Appendx B, nput_co2_.txt. Ths nput fle must provde a fake (unused) bond force constant for the bond and angle modes. Here, we nput a value of to emphasze the artfcalty of these numbers. Ths code runs. III.B. Smulaton of a System of Carbon Doxde Molecules We next smulate a system of 25 carbon doxde molecules. T LAMMPS nput fle s gven n Appendx C, nput_co2_sys.txt. An ntal confguraton for a sngle carbon doxde, CO2, molecule s gven n Appendx D, confg_co2_sys.txt. Sx dfferent fx mands are gven nvokng the rgd and rgd/small functonalty. Of these only four functon when pute mands are present to calculate the translaton knetc energy (ke/rgd) and rotatonal knetc energy (erotate). The other two (rgd/nve/small and rgd/nvt/small) cause segmentaton faults. For any of these fxes, there appear to be two serous problems. Frst, the temperature s not the set pont temperature. Of course, the ntal velocty mand can generate the correct ntal temperature for a fully flexble system, not a set of rgd objects. There are several suggestons on the LAMMPS webste for manpulatng the nput fle to get the correct temperature, but we found that none of these suggestons delvered the correct set pont temperature at the ntal confguraton. Second, for none of the cases s the equpartton theorem satsfed. The sum of the translatonal and rotatonal knetc energes do not sum to 5/2NkT, as they should. KE tran 5 + KErot = N moleckt (4) 2 We have 5 degrees of freedom here, correspondng to three degrees of translatonal freedom and 2 degrees of rotatonal freedom for a lnear molecule, lke CO 2. Thus, there remans serous reservatons n usng the rgd mand n LAMMPS. For those that beleve that errors, whch are not vsble n other propertes, are okay, proceed wth cauton. 5

6 Appendx A. Carbon Doxde: confg_co2_.txt LAMMPS INPUT FILE FOR co2_ 3 atoms 2 bonds angles 0 dhedrals 0 mpropers 2 atom types bond types angle types 0 dhedral types 0 mproper types E E+02 xlo xh E E+02 ylo yh E E+02 zlo zh Masses Atoms Bonds Angles E E E E E E+00 # O E E E E+00 # C E E E E+00 # O

7 Appendx B. Carbon Doxde: nput_co2_.txt # unts real boundary p p p atom_style full read_data confg_co2_.txt # nteracton styles par_style lj/cut/coul/cut 2.0 bond_style harmonc angle_style harmonc par_modfy mx geometrc tal yes # force feld parameters # mssng nonbonded parameters are nferred from mxng. par_coeff # C of CO2 ( 27 K = kcal/mol) par_coeff # O of CO2 (79 K = kcal/mol) bond_coeff # C=O (999.9 = fake number snce not used) angle_coeff # O=C=O (999.9 = fake number snce not used) group all_co2 d <> 3 fx all_co2 rgd/nve molecule # my_ketran = fnte number pute my_ketran all_co2 ke/rgd pute my_kerot all_co2 erotate/rgd pute my_temp all_co2 temp tmestep.0 reset_tmestep 0 negh_modfy every 0 delay 20 check yes thermo 500 thermo_style custom step c_my_ketran c_my_kerot temp c_my_temp pe ebond eangle dump all atom 00 dump.lammpstrj run 0 7

8 Appendx C. Carbon Doxde: nput_co2_sys.txt # unts real boundary p p p atom_style full read_data confg_co2_sys.txt # nteracton styles par_style lj/cut/coul/cut 2.0 bond_style harmonc angle_style harmonc par_modfy mx geometrc tal yes # force feld parameters # mssng nonbonded parameters are nferred from mxng. par_coeff # C of CO2 ( 27 K = kcal/mol) par_coeff # O of CO2 (79 K = kcal/mol) bond_coeff # C=O (999.9 = fake number snce not used) angle_coeff # O=C=O (999.9 = fake number snce not used) velocty all create dst gaussan mom no rot no group clump d <> 375 #fx clump rgd/small molecule # my_ketran = fnte number #fx clump rgd/nve/small molecule # doesn't work wth putng ke for rgd objects - Segmentaton fault #fx clump rgd/nvt/small molecule temp # doesn't work wth putng ke for rgd objects - Segmentaton fault #fx clump rgd molecule # my_ketran = fnte number fx clump rgd/nve molecule # my_ketran = fnte number #fx clump rgd/nvt molecule temp # my_ketran = fnte number pute my_ketran clump ke/rgd pute my_kerot clump erotate/rgd pute my_temp clump temp ##mnmze.0e-4.0e tmestep.0 reset_tmestep 0 negh_modfy every 0 delay 20 check yes thermo 500 8

9 #thermo_style mult thermo_style custom step c_my_ketran c_my_kerot temp c_my_temp pe ebond eangle dump all atom 00 dump.lammpstrj run 0 9

10 Appendx D. Carbon Doxde: confg_co2_sys.txt LAMMPS INPUT FILE FOR co2_system 375 atoms 250 bonds 25 angles 0 dhedrals 0 mpropers 2 atom types bond types angle types 0 dhedral types 0 mproper types E xlo xh E ylo yh E zlo zh Masses Atoms E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 0

11 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02

12 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 2

13 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 3

14 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 4

15 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 5

16 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 6

17 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 7

18 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 Bonds

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