International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology

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1 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) pp Internatonal Journal of Pure and Appled Scences and Technology ISSN Aalable onlne at Research Paper Comparson of DFIG and Synchronous Machne for Storage Hydro-Power Generaton Mahd Johar 1* Ahmad Radan 2 Mohammad Reza Meh 3 and Sohrab Mrsaed Electrcal Engneerng Department of K.N. Toos Unersty of Technology 3 4 Department of Electrcal Engneerng Komjan Branch Islamc Azad Unersty Komjan Iran * Correspondng author e-mal: (mjohar777@gmal.com) (Receed: ; Accepted: ) Abstract: Among the alternate metho for energy storage usng the potental energy of water stored n dfferent heghts has been consdered by human for ages. Storage pumpng plants hae been nented for ths purpose and are consdered as one of the most relable and effecte metho of storng the electrcal energy. Factors such as hang approprate statc and dynamc stablty hgh effcency sutable steady state and transent performance the least cost of manufacturng utltes and etc. can play a major role n choosng the type of machnes for energymakng. Therefore adantages and capabltes of arable speed storage -pumpng plants compared wth conentonal synchronous ones hae drawn nto consderaton n ths paper. Dfferent ewponts such as structure and steady state behaor are focused for comparng the applcaton of Doubly Fed Inducton Generators (DFIG) and synchronous ones n storage hydro plants. Dynamc stmulatons are also used to ealuate the performance of arable-speed ersus synchronous fxed-speed generaton unts. Keywor: DFIG Synchronous Machne Power Generaton Smulaton 1. Introducton: Man Deelopng quck responded energy storng systems s npensable accordng to the expanson of power network and the problems of ts stablty control consecutely. One of the well-known energy storage systems n networks s Pumped storage power plants. Producng energy n pumped storage power plant s possble n two ways of fxed and adjustable speed. The usage of optmum operatng ponts of system n recent tmes has made the producton of electrcal energy by adjustable speed systems more mportant. DFIG s one of the adjustable speed systems whch has many adantages compared to

2 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) other systems and became more consderable than synchronous generator n pumped storage power plant n late 1980 s. Many works hae been done on arable speed pumped storage generators and numerous papers hae been publshed on modelng [12] dynamc response[1345] control metho [678] electronc conerters [91011] and speed dre [212] of DFIG n pumped storage power plants but comparson between synchronous machne and DFIG n pumped storage power plants has neer been performed up to now. Usng DFIG systems comparng synchronous ones ncreases the usage effcency and flexblty sgnfcantly. Nowadays usng DFIG generators nstead of synchronous ones s an effcent way to sole the problem of effcency drop from pumped mode to generator mode due to sgnfcant reducton of frequency conerter capacty. After ths secton a hstory of arable speed pumped storage power plants an ealuaton of DFIG modelng and fnally a structural and steady state behaor comparson between the two machnes are gen respectely and the results are presented. 2. Hstory of arable speed pump-storage power plants Unlke conentonal pump-storage unts arable speed pump-storage unts do not hae a long hstory whch s because of ther dependency on hgh power transformers. Desgn of such systems was ealuated theoretcally n 1970 for the frst tme. The frst arable speed storage hydro-power generator was nstalled at Narude power plant Japan wth a capacty of 22 MVA n 1987 The motor-generator had a cylndrcal rotor wth a 3-phased wounded rotor. The 11 KV wndngs of ts rotor had to tolerate a large amount of centrfugal force whch was a lot more than what small motors had to use for pumpstorage motor-generators. Today usage of rotatng machnes s conentonal usng adanced technology n rotor turns especally n materals and manufacturng. Table 1 shows nstalled samples of arable speed pump-storage generators around the world. 3. Prncples and Modelng of DFIG: DFIG s the generator whch s fed by both stator and rotor termnals. In other wor dual feed nducton generators are called DFIG. The DFIG confguraton s shown n Fgure 1 and conssts of the stator drectly connected to the grd whle the rotor crcut wth ts arable oltage and frequency requres a back-to-back conerter for the grd connecton. The conerter allows the acte power flow n two drectons: from the grd to the rotor n sub-synchronous operaton and from the rotor to the grd n oer-synchronous mode. Table 1: arable speed pump-storage generators around the world [3]

3 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) Fg. 1: DFIG electrc confguraton [2] DFIG s recommended n arable speed systems wth a lmted range of speed to ± of synchronous speed. Dependng on the poles of the machne the rotor speed s defned as follows: ω = ω ± ω ω m 1 2 m = Ω R. p 1 (1) Where p1 and ΩR are the number of pole pars and the mechancal rotor speed respectely. In comparson wth fxed speed synchronous machnes whch are used n pumped storage unts DFIG has below adantages: Possblty of operaton n hgh effcency especally n partal load (about 2%) Capablty of control and separaton of acte and reacte power Capablty of power factor control Qucker system response Reducton of the number of starts 4. DFIG Models: 4.1. DFIG Electrcal Model: The model of the machne n transent and steady states s establshed n a general d-q rotatng reference Frame Equalent crcut and man equatons descrbng a DFIG behaor are llustrated as follow:

4 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) Voltage equatons: d = rs + ω ψ q s d = rs + ω ψ d s d os = rs o s o s d qr = rr qr + ( ω ω r ) ψ dr qr d t d q r = rr d r ( ω ω r ) ψ qr dr d or = rr o r or (2) Where λ s defned as follows: λos L os ls λ L 0 Lls + Lm m λ 0 0 L 0 0 m ls + L L m = λor L 0 0 l r or 0 λ 0 Lm 0 dr 0 Llr L + m dr 0 0 L 0 0 λ qr m Llr + L m qr (3) Acte and reacte equatons: 3 Ps = ω ( λ λ 2 ) Q s = 3 3 ( V d s d s ) = ω ( λ + λq s q s 2 2 ) (4) 4.2. DFIG Mechancal Model: The equaton of Rotor rotaton s obtaned from equalzng nertal torque and acceleratng torque. d ω m J = T em T m ech T dam p d ( ω r / ω b ) 1 (5) = ( T em T m ech T d am p ) 2 H Where T em T Tdamp are electromagnetc torque external mechancal torque and mech dampng torque respectely and H s defned as follows:

5 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) H 2 J ω b m = 2S (6) b 5. Structural Comparson of DFIG wth conentonal synchronous ones: Respect to dmensons and structures a general comparson between mentoned machnes are presented here (Fgure 2). Fg. 2: a general comparson between mentoned machnes [13] Fxed speed synchronous machne has equal stator and rotor rotatonal speed of fel and a DC exctaton system whch s located on the rotor. Power electronc equpment s located on the rotor sde. The speed s a functon of the number of poles and the frequency of the electrcal system. The synchronous machne has a salent pole rotor as shown n Fgure 3. Fg. 3: salent pole rotor n synchronous machne[13] The desgn of DFIG s dentcal to wound rotor nducton machne wth the dfference that output power from DFIG can be ncreased from about 30MVA up to 50MVA by some modfcatons. DFIG has a cylndrcal pole and a wounded rotor as shown n Fgure 4. The speed s a functon of the number of poles and the frequency of the electrcal system. Power electronc equpment s located on the rotor sde.

6 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) Fg. 4: round pole rotor n DFIG [13] Stator of synchronous machne and DFIG are the same. The man dfference between synchronous machne and DFIG s the structure of ther rotor as shown n fgure 5. Fg. 5:Comparson between rotors n synchronous machne and DFIG [13] Exctaton system of DFIG possesses hgh-oltage and large current AC feld whle exctaton system of SG possesses low oltage and low current DC feld. The rotor desgn of two mentoned machnes are qute dfferent and conssts of some parts such as wndng desgn slp rng retanng system wndng oerhang rotor rm coolng system and retanng end wndng. Between DFIG and salent pole machnes wth the same power and speed DFIG possesses larger dmensons and nerta and smaller ar gap. Snce the flux must spread unformly on rotor surface of DFIG ts structure s unform cylndrcal and lamnated. A comparson of dameter length number of conductors and turns and olume of copper used n rotor wndng wth the same specfcaton s done here. Ths specfcaton s gen as below:

7 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) Table 2: Machne specfcaton Type AW710L8X8RB Rated output(kw ) 500 Frequency(cps) Rated oltage(v) Rated speed(rpm) 50 cps 6600 V 744 rpm Power factor 0.8 Stator crcutry Rotor crcutry Star delta 6. DFIG and synchronous machne common specfcatons: Desgnng alues are ac = B = K = and P = 8 D and L are as follows: a Table 3: Length and dameter n SM and DFIG type Synchronous DFIG D(m) L(m) As a result the olume of DFIG s 0.07 m more than the olume of synchronous machne whch s true because ths machne has a 3-phase rotor. w Table 4: Volume n SM and DFIG type Synchronous DFIG Volume(m 3 ) The dfferences n the number of conductors the number of rotor turns and the olume of copper used n rotor wndngs are shown below: Table 5: Number of conductors Number of turns per phase and Volume of copper n SM and DFIG Type Synchronous DFIG Number of conductors Number of turns per phase Volume of copper(cm3) The number of rotor turns of a sngle phased synchronous machne s equal to 116 and the number of conductors s equal to 232 snce each turn conssts of two conductors. But n a DFIG machne the number of turns consderng ts 3-phased rotor s equal to 240 and the number of conductors s equal to 480. In adon the surface area of rotor turns of a DFIG machne s 6 mm 2 more than a synchronous one due to hang a hgher oltage

8 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) (because of usng AC and DC) and workng n 3-phased conon. Ths results show that the olume of used copper n rotor turns of a DFIG machne s 2101 cm 3 more and consecutely ts olume s 0.07 m 2 more than a synchronous machne. Therefore n an equal specfcaton a DFIG machne s slghtly bgger than a synchronous one. 7. Comparson of DFIG and synchronous machne steady state operatons: For ealuatng steady state behaor of a DFIG and a synchronous machne dfferent workng ponts n usage area are chosen n our smulaton whch delers one below conons: Equal stator output power and power rato It should be mentoned that transmtted power of a DFIG to network s equal to sum of the stator output power and rotor nput power whle transmtted power of a synchronous machne to network s equal to the stator output power Equal stator output power and power rato: In ths paragraph at frst the stator output power and the power rato of DFIG machne are assumed to be equal to those of synchronous machne and then the stator and the rotor currents wll be compared n order to study the steady state behaor of them accordng to the outcome of smulatons and calculatons and after that the nput power of the rotor wll be ealuated. It should be noted that only the results of the calculatons are presented here. Pre-defned alues of the stator output power and the power rato are as 1.6 MW and 0.8 respectely. Accordng to these alues the results of smulatons and calculatons of DFIG and synchronous machne are as follows: (a) (b) Fg. 6: Stator current n equal stator output power and power rato (a) synchronous machne (b) DFIG. Table (6) stator current n equal stator output power and power rato Is calculaton smulaton synchronous DFIG As t s shown n Fgure 6 for equal stator output and power rato stator current of DFIG and synchronous machne n steady state can be assumed equal wth a ery good accuracy.

9 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) (a) (b) Fg.7: Rotor current n equal stator output power and power rato (a) Synchronous machne (b) DFIG. Table 7: The results of smulaton and calculaton of rotor current n equal stator output power and power rato IrIf calculaton smulaton synchronous DFIG As t s shown aboe n an equalent conon rotor effecte current n DFIG machne s less comparng wth synchronous machne whch s because of the smaller gap n DFIG machne and consecutely less maxmum flux densty on teeth comparng wth synchronous machne. It should be mentoned that n table (3) exctaton current of synchronous machne n rotor reference s DC and rotor current of DFIG machne s AC whch s transmtted to stator (effecte alue s presented). Consderng the transformaton rato the dfference n rotor current wll be about 500A. (a) (b) Fg. 8: The results of smulaton and calculaton of rotor acte power n equal stator output power and power rato (a) Synchronous machne (b) DFIG machne. Table 8: rotor acte power n equal stator output power and power rato IrIf calculaton smulaton synchronous DFIG 4.424e e4 As t s shown n fgure (8) whereas rotor crcut n DFIG machne produces some adonal power and transmts t to transmsson network accordng to the results of the smulaton t produces KW of extra acte power whle KW of acte power s wasted n synchronous machne.

10 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) (a) (b) Fg. 9: Acte power transmtted to network n equal stator output power and power rato (a) Synchronous machne (b) DFIG machne. Table 9: Acte power transmtted to network n equal stator output power and power rato Qg calculaton smulaton synchronous 1.2e e6 DFIG 1.322e e6 (a) (b) Fg. 10: transmsson of reacte power to network n equal stator output power and power rato (a) Synchronous machne (b) DFIG machne. Table 10: Reacte power transmtted to network n equal stator output power and power rato Qg calculaton smulaton synchronous 1.2e e6 DFIG 1.322e e6 If we relnqush wasted power n rotor of synchronous machne due to ts small amount the transmtted acte power to network (Pg) wll be equal to stator acte output power (Ps) whle n DFIG machne transmtted acte power to network (Pg) wll be equal to the sum of stator and rotor acte power (Ps + Pr). If so for equal stator output power DFIG machne can defntely transmt more acte and also reacte power een wth less rotor current n comparson wth synchronous machne. So we can manufacture DFIG machne n smaller dmenson and less cost whch lea to condone larger sze of DFIG machne n comparson wth synchronous machne n equal conon that concluded n desgn paragraph. 8. Concluson: Applcaton of arable speed generaton usng DFIG n pump storage hydro power plants s studed n ths paper. Comparng to conentonal applcatons wth fxed-speed synchronous

11 Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol. 7(1) (2011) machne hang the same stator the paper concludes that n ewpont of structure the DFIG machne should hae a slghtly bgger olume because of 3 phased rotor wth AC currents. Regardng the steady state performances of both machnes the results show that DFIG can deler more acte and reacte power to network wth less rotor current because of the extra power delered by the rotor.. DFIG machne can therefore be manufactured n smaller dmenson wth less cost for the same needed power. The ablty of faster response to network demand for acte and reacte powers n case of DFIG s also a remarkable adantage whch can be utlzed for enhancng the network stablty under perturbatons. References [1] Y. Pannater C. Ncolet B. Kawkaban J. J. Smond and Ph. Allenbakh Dynamc behaor of a 2 arable speed pump-turbne power plant Internatonal Conference on Electrcal Machnes ICEM 2008 September Vlamoura Portugal. [2] Franços BONNET Luc LOWINSKY Mara PIETRZAK-DAVID and Paul-Étenne VIDAL Doubly fed nducton machne speed dre for hydro-electrc power staton Toulouse Cedex 7 France EPE Aalborg. [3] J. K. Lung Y. Lu W. L. Hung and W. S. Kao Modelng and dynamc smulaton of doubly fed adjustable speed pumped storage unts IEEE Transactons on Energy Conerson 22 (2) (June 2007). [4] T. Kuwabara A. Shbuya and H. Furuta Desgn and dynamc response characterstcs of 400MW adjustable speed pumped storage unt for ohkawach power IEEE Transacton on Energy Conerson 11 (2) (Jun 1996). [5] N. Chayawatto E. Ortjohbann and S. Chatratana Dynamc behaour of doubly fed nducton machne wth generator-sde conerter under abnormal conon Sustanable Energy and Enronment (SEE) [6] Y. S. La Machne modelng and unersal controller for ector-controlled nducton motor dres IEEE Trans. Energy Coners 18 (1) (Mar. 2003) [7] N.P. Quang A. Dttrch and A. Theme Doubly-fed nducton machne as generator:control algorthms wth decouplng of torque and power factor Electrcal Engneerng 80 (1997) [8] F. Blaschke The prncple of feld orentaton as appled to the new TRANSVECTOR closed loop control system for rotatng feld machnes Semens Re. 34 (1972) [9] R. Pena J.C. Clare and G.M. Asher Doubly fed nducton generator usng back-to-back PWM conerters and ts applcaton to arable-speed wnd-energy generaton IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl. 143 (3) (1996) [10] A. Sapn A. Hodder J.J. Smond and D. Schafer Doubly-fed asynchronous machne wth - leel VSI for arable speed pump storage ICEM2000. [11] S. Furuya et al Successful acheement n a arable speed pumped storage power system at YAGISAWA power plant IEEE Con. Power Conerson Yokohama [12] A. Boquel and J. Jannng Analyss of a 300 MW arable speed dre for pump-storage plant applcatons EPE 2005 Dresden. [13] A. Schwery E. Fass J.M. Henry W. Bach and A. Mrzaan Pump storage power plant: ALSTOMs long experence and technologcal nnoaton(

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