ADVANCES IN LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

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1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCES IN LEAD-ACID BATTERIES Edited by Kathryn R. Bullock Johnson Controls, Incorporated Milwaukee, Wisconsin D. Pavlov Central Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources Bulgarian Academy Sofia, Bulgaria of Sciences ynivfpftitatsbibuothek INR UB/TIB Hannover RN 6950(84-14) BATTERY DIVISION )ta) Proceedings Volume THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, INC., 10 South Main St., Pennington, NJ

2 Qa/" <?$ «? CONTENTS Preface., Ill I. INTRODUCTION The Advancing Lead-Acid Battery K. R. Bullock 1 II. CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVE MATERIALS Structure of the Lead-Acid Battery Active Masses D. Pavlov, E. Bashtavelova and V. Iliev 16 Quantitative Analysis of Orthorhomblc and Tetragonal Lead Monoxide Mixtures Using Internal Standard Raman Spectroscopy G. M. Trlschan 33 Structural Studies on Lead Dioxides R. Varma, J. Eckert, V. A. Maroni, J. A. Goldstone, C. Giordano, T. Cehelnik, R. Kumar, S. Siegel and B. Tanl 44 The Crystallography and Hydrogen Content of Lead Oxides and Sulfates R. J. Hill, A. M. Jessel and I. C. Madsen Intrinsic Quality of High-Purity Leads for Dse as Cathode-Active Material for Lead-Acid Batteries K. Miyazaki and M. Sumlda 78 Effects of Curing and Other Variables on Deep- Discharge Cycling of Pb-Ca Positive Plates T. G. Chang 86 Battery Processing I. Kinetics of Growth of Basic Lead Sulfates During Battery Plate Curing G. E. Mayer 98 v

3 An KINETIC STUDIES OF ANODIZED LEAD ELECTRODES Battery Division Award Address Mechanism of the Processes During Anodic Oxidation of a Lead Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solutions D. Pavlov 110 Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of the Passive Film on Pb Containing a Preformed PbO Layer In H S0. R. G. Barradas and D. S. Nadezhdin 126 Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Lead Corrosion Films G. H. Brilmyer 142 Positive Grid Corrosion in a Deep Discharge Cycled Lead-Acid Battery Part I: Cycling of Bare Antimonial Grid B. X. Mahato and J. L. Strebe 154 Resolution of Discrepancies in the Electrochemical Polarization Behavior of Lead Anodes Positive to the Lead Dioxide-Lead Sulfate Equilibrium Potential M. E. Florino 166 The Electrochemical and Morphological Behavior of Lead and Its Alloys in 5M HLSO, S. Webster, P. J. Mitchell, N. A. Hampson and J. I. Dyson '181 Active-Passive Transition of Lead in Sulfuric Acid Solutions C. V. D'Alkalne and J. M. Cordelro 190 COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND CORROSION OF GRID MATERIALS Advanced Battery Grid Alloys R. D. Prengaman Selenium Important Additive for Lead-Acid Battery Alloys B. E. Kallup and D. Berndt 214 vx

4 Corrosion and Growth of Expanded Grids for Maintenance-Free Batteries E. M. L. Valeriote, J. Sklarchuk and M. S. Ho 224 The Effect of Tin on the Charge Acceptance of the Positive (PbO ) Lead Acid Battery Electrode H. K. Giess 241 V. POROUS ELECTRODE STUDIES Kinetic and Structural Changes of the Porous Lead Dioxide Electrode During Charge P. Ekdunge and D. Simonsson 252 Utilization of Active Material in PbO, Electrodes P. T. Moseley and A. D. Turner 267 An Impedance Study of the Positive Plate of Lead Acid Battery: Identification of the Electrode Polarizations M. Keddam, C. Rakotomavo and H. Takenouti In Situ Conductance Measurements of Lead Accumulator Plates M. Calabek and K. Micka 288 The Influence of Lampblack on Capacity Retention in Pb/PbSO, Electrodes with Forced Flow of Electrolyte W. Borger and U. Hullmelne 302 Effect of Anisotropic Graphite on Discharge Performance of Positive Plates in Pasted-Type Lead-Acid Batteries A. Tokunaga, M. Tsubota, K. Yonezu and K. Ando 314 VI. MATHEMATICAL MODELS Effects of Depth of Discharge on the Total Energy Transfer in Near Term Batteries K. Kordesch and K. Tomantschger 323 vii

5 Mathematical Modeling of Phenomena Contributing to Thermal Rise in Lead-Acid Batteries Used In Electric Vehicles W. Tiedemann and J. Newman 336 VII. CELL AND BATTERY STUDIES The Impact of Urban Driving Schedules on Thermal Management of Lead-Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicles B. L. McKinney and G. H. Brilmyer 348 Short Circuit Currents in Uninterruptible Power Source Effect Batteries B. McKinney, W. Tiedemann and J. Newman 360 of a Cobalt-Sulfate/Magnesium-Sulfate Electrolyte Additive on the Performance of Lead Acid Automotive Batteries Under Current- or Voltage- Regulated Charging Conditions J. A. Hamilton, J. F. Moresby and D. A. J. Rand 378 VIII. NEW DESIGNS AND APPLICATIONS Development and Optimization of a Bipolar Lead- Boron Tetrafluoride Accumulator First Part K. Steininger and K. Kordesch 406 Effect of Cycling on Active Material Morphology in Gelled Electrolyte Lead-Acid Batteries A. C. Simon and S. M. Caulder 415 The Charging of Lead-Acid Batteries with Gelled Electrolyte B. L. McKinney, B. K. Mahato and K. R. Bullock 426 Maintenance Free Lead Acid Batteries with Immobilized Electrolyte H. Tuphorn 441 Performance of Improved Lead Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicles K. R. Bullock, B. K. Mahato, G. H. Brilmyer and G. L. Wlerschem 451 viii

6 Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries for Solar Applications D. Bush and D. Sealey 466 Design Aspects and Performance Characteristics of Sealed Gas Recombination Automotive Batteries K. Peters and N. R. Young 481 Design and Performance of High Power Density Starting Batteries R. T. Johnson and D. A. Thuerk 489 Recent Advances of Lead-Acid Batteries in Japan H. Morlmoto and T. Yoshida 504 Battery Design I. CCA Yields of SLI Batteries G. E. Mayer and S. E, Ross 512 Performance of Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries for Load-Leveling Applications J. F. Miller, E. C. Gay, F. Hornstra and N. P. Yao 522 Index 528

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