Assessment of Gridbased Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Assessment of Gridbased Energy Storage Technologies Jeremy P. Meyers Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin

2 what is the current state of the electric grid?

3 what is the current state of the electric grid? We re looking at the connection between where electricity is made and where electricity connects to your house. That is the largest supply chain in the world with absolutely no warehousing capacity.

4 what is the current state of the electric grid? We re looking at the connection between where electricity is made and where electricity connects to your house. That is the largest supply chain in the world with absolutely no warehousing capacity. Mark Johnson, DOE ARPA-E

5 Batteries have typically been used for spatial decoupling instead of temporal decoupling from primary power source

6 Storage Potential, California from Sandia National Laboratory

7 Hours Pumped hydro Minutes Lithium batteries 1 kw Compressed air (CAES) Long-duration flywheels Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage High power flywheels High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW

8 Hours Pumped hydro Compressed air (CAES) Minutes Long-duration flywheels Lithium batteries Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage 1 kw High power flywheels High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW System power ratings 100 MW 1 GW

9 Hours Pumped hydro Compressed air (CAES) Minutes Long-duration flywheels Lithium batteries Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage 1 kw Po we UP rq ua S High power flywheels lity / High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW System power ratings 100 MW 1 GW

10 Hours Pumped hydro Compressed air (CAES) Minutes Long-duration flywheels Lithium batteries Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage 1 kw Bri dg in gp ow Po High power flywheels we e r UP rq ual S i t y/ High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW System power ratings 100 MW 1 GW

11 Hours Pumped hydro En er Minutes Long-duration flywheels 1 kw gy m Bri ent dg in gp ow Po High power flywheels we e r UP rq ual S i t y/ High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW System power ratings Compressed air (CAES) ana gem Lithium batteries Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage 100 MW 1 GW

12 Pumped hydro Hours Flow batteries NaS battery Minutes Long-duration flywheels En er 1 kw gy m Compressed air (CAES) ana gem Lithium batteries Seconds Discharge time at rated power Types of grid storage Bri ent dg in gp ow Po High power flywheels we e r UP rq ual S i t y/ High-power supercapacitors 10 kw 100 kw 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW System power ratings A. Price, Electrical energy storage a review of technology options, Proceedings of ICE Civil Engineering 158 November 2005 Pages Paper GW

13 Storage technologies

14 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries

15 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated

16 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application

17 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability

18 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries

19 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed

20 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density

21 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density Poor cost match

22 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density Poor cost match Sodium Sulfur batteries

23 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density Poor cost match Sodium Sulfur batteries High energy density, high efficiency and long cycle life

24 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density Poor cost match Sodium Sulfur batteries High energy density, high efficiency and long cycle life Advanced Li-ion batteries

25 Storage technologies Pb-Acid Batteries Flooded, valve-regulated Limited cycle life = challenge for utility application Lead-carbon batteries to improve cyclability Nickel batteries Vented & Sealed Good high rate capability, energy density Poor cost match Sodium Sulfur batteries High energy density, high efficiency and long cycle life Advanced Li-ion batteries Flow batteries

26 Storage opportunities

27 Storage opportunities Model specific energy storage technologies with variable efficiency inputs.

28 Storage opportunities Model specific energy storage technologies with variable efficiency inputs. Can determine key $/kw, $/kwh capacity figures, as well as differential advantage of further price reductions to move into other storage functions.

29 Batteries have been used primarily for portable/automotive transportation source:

30 Battery research

31 Battery research Scaling up

32 Battery research Scaling up understanding potential distributions in larger systems

33 Battery research Scaling up understanding potential distributions in larger systems new materials

34 Battery research Scaling up understanding potential distributions in larger systems new materials more stable electrolytes to expand voltage window

35 Battery research Scaling up understanding potential distributions in larger systems new materials more stable electrolytes to expand voltage window faster charging electrode materials

36 Battery research Scaling up understanding potential distributions in larger systems new materials more stable electrolytes to expand voltage window faster charging electrode materials Manufacturing for cost and safety

37 cost reduction in conventional batteries continues source:

38 cost reduction in conventional batteries continues DOE cost target for grid storage source:

39 battery chemistries

40 battery chemistries aqueous stability window

41 Cell potentials: spontaneous processes Φsolution Φelectrode Φsolution Φelectrode

42 Cell potentials: spontaneous processes Φsolution U Φelectrode Φsolution Φelectrode

43 Cell potentials: spontaneous processes Φsolution U V Φelectrode Φsolution Φelectrode

44 Cell potentials: charging Φsolution Φelectrode Φsolution Φelectrode

45 Cell potentials: charging Φsolution Φelectrode Φsolution Φelectrode

46 electrolyte stability source:

47 Often, surface is limiting: increase performance by increasing access to electrode surface Enhance surface area in single plane Enhance surface area by 3rd dimension

48 Porous electrodes in practical systems

49 How can we effectively increase energy storage per unit cost?

50 How can we effectively increase energy storage per unit cost? i1 = σ Φ1 i2 = κ Φ2

51 How can we effectively increase energy storage per unit cost? i1 = σ Φ1 interfacial charge-transfer resistance i2 = κ Φ2

52 How can we effectively increase energy storage per unit cost? i1 = σ Φ1 i2 = κ Φ2

53 Limiting cases: finite solution-phase conductivity, simplified kinetics i2 = s = 2 ai0 exp ai0 exp cf RT cf RT s s 2 1 High values of ionic conductivity can yield more effective utilization of electrode materials but generally requires lower cell potentials

54 Flow batteries

55 Flow batteries allow for de-coupling of power and duration of storage

56 Flow batteries allow for de-coupling of power and duration of storage select two different redox couples with sufficiently different reversible potentials

57 Flow batteries allow for de-coupling of power and duration of storage

58 Flow batteries allow for de-coupling of power and duration of storage select two different redox couples with sufficiently different reversible potentials

59 Flow batteries allow for de-coupling of power and duration of storage select two different redox couples with sufficiently different reversible potentials

60 Selection for redox systems

61 Cost for energy and power EnerVault Corporation 2011 All Rights Reserved 21

62 Lessons learned from fuel cell development

63 what happens when you rely on technology push instead of market pull

64 cost reduction Cost ($/kw) 3M M 500 1M Years in production Number of units sold per year 4M M

65 problem with only one ultimate cost goal

66 What is needed

67 What is needed Optimize over different variables: capital cost, lifetime, efficiency(?)

68 What is needed Optimize over different variables: capital cost, lifetime, efficiency(?) Identify best ways to provide value for different functions

69 What is needed Optimize over different variables: capital cost, lifetime, efficiency(?) Identify best ways to provide value for different functions Manufacturers need lots of practice and lots of design turns

70 What is needed Optimize over different variables: capital cost, lifetime, efficiency(?) Identify best ways to provide value for different functions Manufacturers need lots of practice and lots of design turns Can pricing signals spur investment at distributed scale?