FLOODED (VLA ), SEALED (VRLA), GEL, AGM TYPE, FLAT PLATE, TUBULAR PLATE: THE WHEN, WHERE, AND WHY. HOW DOES THE END USER DECIDE ON THE BEST SOLUTION?
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1 BATTCON 2006 FLOODED (VLA ), SEALED (VRLA), GEL, AGM TYPE, FLAT PLATE, TUBULAR PLATE: THE WHEN, WHERE, AND WHY. HOW DOES THE END USER DECIDE ON THE BEST SOLUTION? Dr. Wieland Rusch Keith Vassallo Gary Hart Research & Development General Manager Entrepreneur BAE Batterien GmbH BAE Corporate G.K. Hart POWER Inc. Berlin, Germany North America Ontario, Canada
2 GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL BATTERIES? North America Europe Far East 25 to 200Ah 12V AGM block 12V AGM block 12V AGM block 300 to 3000Ah VLA flat AGM horizontal VLA tubular GEL - AGM vertical
3 TYPE COMPARISON PERFORMANCE AND ENDURANCE TUBULAR FLAT VLA VRLA VLA VRLA OPzS OPzV OGi OGiV AGM GEL
4 POSITIVE PLANTÈ PLATE Gravity cast grid with enlarged surface by lamellas Active mass (PbO2) is produced by corrosion High power output Long operational life Low cycle stability (ca. 200 cycles) High cost battery, old-fashioned
5 POSITIVE TUBULAR PLATE Gauntlets: radial pressure, no horizontal bars Circular rods, pressure cast, Lead-selenium (OPzS), Lead-calcium (OPzV) High porosity by read-lead filling Highest operational life Highest endurance of cycles 8mm thickness of the electrode restricts the high power performance
6 POSITIVE ROUND - GRID FLAT PLATE Circular rods like in tubular plates; but 50% more plates Lead-selenium alloy, fine grains, low corrosion High power output Good cycle endurance Long operational life
7 COMPARISON VLA TUBULAR PLATE VERSUS VLA FLAT PLATE
8 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON FLAT TUBULAR Type C10, 25 C, 1,80V Weight Size Plates, thickness Inner resistance 18 OGi Ah 102 kg, 224,7 lb L x W x H = 215 x 277 x 710 mm 18 pos. plates, 4,8mm 0,125 mohm 12 OPzS Ah 88 kg, 193,8 lb 12 pos. plates, 8,0mm 0,23 mohm
9 DISCHARGE POWER: FLAT VS TUBULAR 4000 Flat: 66% more power / volume Discharge power W / cell min 100 min 1000 min 12 OPzS OGi 1440
10 POWER PER COST: FLAT VS TUBULAR Cell power per cost related to OPzS 150% 140% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% TUBULAR: 20% more W / $ 10 min 100 min 1000 min 12 OPzS OGi 1440
11 ACCELERATED LIFE TIME TEST QUALIFICATION FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: IEEE : 20 days at 145F (62,8 C) equals 1 year
12 ACCELERATED LIFE TIME TEST: SAMPLES OPzS OPzV OGi vented valve-regulated vented type tubular tubular - GEL flat density float V 1,24g/ml 2,23V 1,24g/ml 2,25V 1,24g/ml 2,23V samples 6 cells 200Ah 3 cells 200Ah 3 cells 480Ah samples 6 cells 490Ah 3 cells 490Ah 3 cells 800Ah samples 6 cells 2000Ah 3 cells 2000Ah 3 cells 1520Ah
13 SEISMIC TEST IN THREE DIMENSIONS 5 times seismic test à 30s, 1 times air plane crash test à 30s
14 AIRPLANE CRASH TEST
15 3h - capacity at 20 C / % TUBULAR PLATE CELLS: 550 days at 145F Seismic test float at 62,8 C with 2,23V / days 16OPzS OPzS 490 4OPzS 200 IEEE : 27,5 years at 77F
16 FLOAT CURRENTS OF TUBULAR AND FLAT 100 FLOAT CURRENT AT 2,23V IN ma/100ah 50 0 FLAT PLATE VLA LEAD SELENIUM TUBULAR PLATE VLA LEAD SELENIUM OPzS 2000 OPzS 490 OPzS 200 OGi 1520 OGi 800 OGi 480 OPERATIONAL LIFE AT 25 C
17 PLATES AFTER 550 DAYS AT 145F Negative plate Positive plate wrus % PbSO % PbO 2
18 Growth of OPzS poles at life s end wrus
19 Cross section of the terminal Labyrinth in the lead pole Primer onto the labyrinth ABS injection-moulding like a panzer 16 mm Sliding pole: during growth a clean uncorroded pole shaft is moving upwards and maintains the 100% seal of the rubber ring. Washers in polarity colors Service ring for impedance measurements, IP25 protected Copper inserts for OGi, brass inserts for OPzS and OPzV. wrus
20 C10 TUBULAR VLA (OPzS) CYCLE TEST OPzV 420 Ah IEC OPzS 420 Ah Discharge 3h with 84Ah (app. 75% DOD C4) Discharge 3h with 84A (app. 75% DOD C4) Recharge 21h with 2,40V, initially 84A Recharge 21h with 2,40V, initially 84A Dec 1994 Cycles Jun 1999
21 ENDURANCE COMPARISON On float with 2,23V at 62,8 C IEEE Float current increase in 20 years Cycles IEC % DOD C4 Flat plate OGi 425 days 21,3 years at 25 C 33 years at 20 C Factor Tubular plate OPzS 550 days 27,5 years at 25 C 42,7 years at 20 C Factor
22 COMPARISON VRLA VERSUS VLA
23 ADVANTAGES VRLA VERSUS VLA GAS EVOLUTION ONLY 10%, VENTILATION REQUIREMENT ONLY 20% (EN ) LESS PROVISION AGAINST ACID LEAKAGE NO HANDLING WITH ACID AND WATER NO IMPURITY PROBLEMS WITH REFILLING WATER NO SHORT CIRCUITS DUE TO ACCUMULATED MUD
24 DISADVANTAGES VRLA VERSUS VLA OXYGEN INGRESS DISCHARGES THE NEGATIVE PLATE OXYGEN RECOMBINATION REDUCES NEGATIVE POLARISATION: IN UNFAVOURABLE DESIGNS DISCHARGE OF NEGATIVE DURING FLOAT! MAX. TEMPERATURE 45 C INSTEAD of 55 C LESS INSPECTION METHODS LESS AWARENESS OF HEALTH
25 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON VRLA TUBULAR GEL VLA TUBULAR Type C10, 25 C, 1,80V Weight Size Plates, thickness Inner resistance 6 OPzV Ah 23,3 kg, 51,3 lb L x W x H = 380/3 x 205 x 380 mm 6 pos. plates, 8,4mm 1,8 mohm 6 OPzS Ah 23kg, 50,7lb 6 pos. plates, 8,0mm 1,6mOhm
26 POWER PER COST VRLA VERSUS VLA Cell power per $, OPzV set to 100% 130% 120% 110% 100% 90% 80% 70% TUBULAR GEL: HERE THE SAME W / $ 10 min 100 min 1000 min 6 OPzV OPzS 300
27 TUBULAR GEL: 450 DAYS AT 145F 3h capacity at 20 C / % IEEE ,5 years at 77F Seismic test float at 62,8 with 2,25V / days 16OPzV OPzV 490 4OPzV 200
28 C TUBULAR GEL (OPzV) CYCLE TEST IEC OPzV 420 Ah cycle: discharge with 84 A during180 min (nearly 60% C 10 ) recharge characteristic: IU charging voltage: 2,4V charging time: 21 h initial charging current: 84A Discharge 3h with 84A (app. 75% DOD C4) Recharge 21h with 2,40V, initially 84A Cycles
29 ENDURANCE COMPARISON VRLA VS VLA On float with 2,23V at 62,8 C IEEE Float current increase in 20 years Cycles IEC , 75% DOD C4 VRLA tubular GEL OPzV 450 days 22,5 years at 25 C 35 years at 20 C Factor 1 > 1700 VLA tubular OPzS 550 days 27,5 years at 25 C 42,7 years at 20 C Factor 2 > 1700
30 COMPARISON VRLA: GEL VERSUS AGM Lifetime Low costs Stable capacity High power density Thermal run-aw ay AGM GEL Low resistance Endurance of cycles Deep discharges possible Tubular plates possible
31 GEL - AGM thermal-runaway-simulation T max = 50 C after 28 h total current increases to 5A 6V 68Ah GEL T max = 80 C after 4,5 h total current increases to 40A 6V 68Ah AGM cited from: D. Berndt, E. Meißner, W. Rusch, Aging effects..., Proceedings 15.INTELEC, Paris, 1993
32 CONCLUSION For applications with high safety level, like utilities, bank data centers, telecom central stations etc. VLA is preferred. Flat plate batteries < 60 min < tubular plate batteries UPS: bridging time < 60 min, life < 10 years, low cost: life > 10 years, high safety: AGM is preferred GEL flat plate is preferred. TELECOM: bridging time > 60 min, life 20 years TUBULAR GEL is preferred. SOLAR: high cycle life TUBULAR GEL is preferred.
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