Materials Design and Diagnosis for Rechargeable Battery Energy Storage

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1 Materials Design and Diagnosis for Rechargeable Battery Energy Storage Shirley Meng Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego

2 The Challenge of Power vs. Energy Power& 1& 1& W& 10 3 & 1& kw& 10 6 & 1& MW& 10 9 & 1& GW& & 1&& TW& 1nJ ~ pwh X 16 hr = 16 Whr X 1/60 hr = 16.7 Whr Energy 1J = 1W x 1s = 1/3600 Whr 1mJ ~ 1uWh 100kJ (20W*2hr) MJ ~ kwh

3 Why No Batteries Last Forever? Chemical Energy ç è Electric Energy Moving Ions (Chemical Bond) Dynamic Phenomena Strain - Fatigue Electrolyte Stability Cell - Module - Pack (1/2 1/2 rule) Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science and Various Engineering Disciplines - ALL MUST CONTRIBUTE Review Meng and Arroyo Accounts of Chemical Research 2012

4 A Brief History about Li Ion Batteries 2008 Tesla launches full electric car run on Li-ion battery 2005 A123 Systems releases Li x C/LiFePO 4 Li-ion battery 1997 Goodenough proposes LiMePO 4 cathodes 1991 Sony releases first commercial Li x C/LiCoO 2 Li-ion battery Transition metal oxide (LMO) cathodes 1981 Electrochemical Li + intercalation into graphite demonstrat ed. Bell Labs patent Li x C-TiS 2 battery 1970 Li-ion cell concept proposed 1967 Yao and Kummer report Na + conductivity in sod ium beta alumina at 25 C 1936 Frenkel and Shottky develop models of ionic conductivity in solids 1926 The initial discovery of fast ionic transport in solids has started a revolution in battery technology. 44 years later the Li-ion technology is still under development

5 Negative Press in Media Dreamliner 787 (Jan. 2013) Testla Model S (Oct. 2013) Positive News from Market From Sam Jaffe 5

6 Li Ion Technology for Transportation Cost $/kwh Safety Cycle Life 10 yr Novel Materials and Better Engineering to Remove the Barriers Reduce Cost, Enhance Safety and Extend Cycle-life

7 Battery Structural Change Often Correlates With Life Most desirable ΔG Li-Ion Capacitor Low energy Li-ion Ni-MH Ni-Cd Pb-acid Long Life Structural Change Courtesy of Dr. Ping Liu and Dr. Paul Albertus 7

8 Electrolyte Stability Windows Aqueous PbO 2 O 2 evolution V 4+ /V 5+ Br2 Thermodynamic stability (at ph=0) Ni(OH) 2 Quinone H 2 evolution Pb V 2+ /V 3+ MH Cd(OH) 2 Solids Liquids Courtesy of Dr. Ping Liu and Dr. Paul Albertus 8

9 Recent Development MWh Li Ion Storage Efficiency > 90% Lithium-ion: $ /kWh We Need $100/kWh AES U.S. (Oct. 2012) (Oct. 2012) BYD- China (Oct. 2012) (Oct. 2012)

10 Real-Time Market vs. Day-Ahead Market Source: Mnyshenko & Elliott UCSD, 2012

11 Voltage (V vs. Na/Na + ) Na 0.85 Li 0.17 Ni 0.21 Mn 0.64 O 2 Na 2/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 2/3 O 2 Na 1.5 VOPO 4 F 0.5 Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 Current State of Na Ion Battery NaMnO 2 Na2/3 Fe1/2 Mn1/2 O2 NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) NaNi 3 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 NaNi 1/2 Mn 1/2 O 2 Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 Na 2 FePO 4 F SnSb/C * Anodes C, Sn, Sb, Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 * Cathodes ^ Polyanion compounds Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 Na 2 FePO 4 F TM P / S Na ^ Layered compounds 0 Porous C Hollow C NW Specific capacity (mah g -1 ) Sb The BEST Na Ion Battery will have the same Energy density as the low-energy Li Ion Battery Xu, Lee and Meng., Funct. Mater. Lett. DOI: /S O3 P2 TM Na

12 Na Ion Battery for MWh Grid Storage?! High voltage! Excellent retention Active material: 2 mg / cm 2 C/10

13 Flow Battery - Open Up the Box Duel Reservoir (traditional) Soluble Lead (flow assist) F. Díaz-González, et. al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16, M. G. Verde, et. al. Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6,

14 Metal Air Battery - Fuel Cell Negative Electrode Positive Electrode 08/20/14

15 A Challenge Since 1975 Russ Chianelli Exxon 1975 Can we solve the dendrite problem? Is characterization and theory up to it in 2014? 10

16 Battery Structural Change Often Correlates With Life Most desirable Metal Air ΔG Li-Ion Capacitor Low energy Li-ion Ni-MH Ni-Cd Pb-acid Long Life Structural Change Courtesy of Dr. Ping Liu and Dr. Paul Albertus 16

17 Ask Ourselves What is Different from 1970s? Modified based on J.M. Tarascon s Plot Na Intercala+on compounds Na Ion Batteries? Mg Ion LiMn LiFePO 4 2 O 4 Electrolyte LiCoO 2 AES Mg Ion Batteries?

18 Understanding How Materials Function

19 Pris+ne [11-20] Li Mn/Ni O Cycled (at the discharge state aier 10cycles btw 2 to 4.8V) TM Li Li rich TM Li New Advanced Characterization Tools bulk Ni/Mn rich (0001) surface (11-20) (11-20) 2 nm Aberration Corrected Z-contrast Imaging by STEM Unprecedented Spatial Resolution A Source: Xu, Fell, Chi and Meng, Energy and Environmental Science 2011

20 Nature Photonics DOI: /NPHOTON Nano Letters DOI: / / nl502332b

21 Accelerating the Search for Novel Materials Reducing the time years Average time from concept of new material to its commercialization Properties Voltage / Capacity Structural stability Translation Computables Total energies Lattice parameters Computation (HΨ = EΨ) Ionic diffusivity Charge density / Electronic structure Initial Input &Validation (experiments)

22 Materials Design and Discovery Source: Ceder, MIT Advances in theory and computational methods, as well as understanding of relevant phenomena in battery materials lead to increased predictability of relevant electrode Ionic properties Voltage Mobility Electrode properties Electronic Conductivity Stability

23 Nano Structured Electrodes for Battery Go For Nano J Minimize diffusion distance J Phase stability change J Defect tolerance J Enable new chemistry Need to Take Care of L Stability due to interface L Packing density (vol. density is key) L Scalability

24 Priority Research Directions for Next Decade Solid State Batteries Conversion Type Na & Mg Intercalation Nano Structured Safety Energy Cost Power

25 Roadmap of Energy Storage Zn Air Li -S Close the gap on intercalation Enable metal anode Li or Zn ORR will be the key for any metal air electrochemistry

26 Energy Storage for A Sustainable Future