Model Comparison with Experiments. 341 N. Science Park Road State College, PA U.S.A.

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1 Model Comparison with Experiments 41 N. Science Park Road State College, PA 168 U.S.A.

2 AutoLion TM : Unprecedented Accuracy in Capturing Liion Battery Performance Voltage (V) Temperature Increase ( C) Voltage (V) Temperature Increase ( C) C 1C (2.2A) Discharge Model Experimental data -1 C 25 C C 45 C C(.22A) 4.6C(1A) Discharge at 25 C Model Experimental data 1C(2.2A) C(6.6A) Capacity (mah) Discharge Capacity (mah) Cell: 2.2 Ah 1865 cell with NMC/graphite chemistry AutoLion TM captures battery performance and temperature profile with great accuracy

3 Dynamic Pulse Profile Experiments Current (A) Cell: 1.2 Ah high power 1865 cell Chemistry: NMC/Graphite Experiments carried out at 25 o C and o C inside an environmental chamber 2 cells repeat charge Input Current Profile 1C Thickness (um) Cell Design Specs Negative electrode Separator Positive electrode Porosity 56%* 4% 5%* Active material wt fraction (%) 94% NA 94% Electrolyte: 1.2M LiPF6 in EC/DMC discharge Time (Sec) 1 sec charge-discharge pulse at 1C,2C, 5C and 1C followed by 1 sec pulses at the same C-rates * Calculated value

4 AutoLion TM Model Results at 25 o C Environmental chamber temperature: 25 o C Cell Starting SOC = 9% Cell Starting SOC = 6% SOC is defined as capacity left to discharge/design capacity (C/2) at 25 o C Very repeatable data; no significant difference in the 2 cell response. In-built material database as a function of T and concentration is used for simulations. The only parameters tuned are electrode tortuosity, contact resistance and SEI resistance. Simulation results matches very well with data with maximum error being less than 2% error; showcasing excellent accuracy of AutoLion TM under Dynamic Conditions

5 AutoLion TM Model Results at o C Environmental chamber temperature: o C Cell Starting SOC = 9% Cell Starting SOC = 6% SOC is defined as capacity left to discharge/design capacity (C/2) at 25 o C In-built material database as a function of T and concentration is used for simulations. All the physical parameters (such as contact resistance or electrode design parameter) remain untouched and are the same as for 25 o C dynamic simulations. Simulation results matches very well with data with maximum error being less than 5% error at o C; showcasing excellent accuracy of AutoLion TM under dynamic conditions

6 Experiment with 2.2 Ah 1865 Panasonic Cell Current (A) Cell: 2.2 Ah energy dense (PHEV-type) 1865 cell from Panasonic Chemistry: NMC/Graphite Experiments carried out at 25 o C and o C inside an environmental chamber Cell simulation in AutoLion EC Power has characterized various cells in 1865 formats with high power (~1.2 Ah), PHEV (~2.2 Ah) and high energy (~2.8 Ah) and have developed a representative cell design file for these cells (available to AutoLion users) For simulation of Panasonic cell, we have used our generic cell design file for PHEV cell (design parameters as following) Negative electrode Separator Thickness (um) Porosity 26% 4% 28% Electrode loading (mah/cm 2 ) 4.5 NA.9 Electrolyte: 1.2M LiPF6 in EC/DMC Positive electrode charge discharge 1C Input Current Profile 2C Time (s) 1 sec charge-discharge pulse at 1C,2C, 5C and 1C 5C 1C

7 Model Results Temperature 25 o C Starting SOC = 6% Starting SOC = 4% SOC is defined as capacity left to discharge/design capacity (C/2) at 25 o C AutoLion TM is capable of capturing dynamic response of commercial cells even when detailed information of cell design is not available. Easy to work with and robust software. The only parameters tuned are electrode tortuosity, contact resistance and SEI resistance. Rest material properties are from material database. Between this case (2.2 Ah cell) and the 1.2 Ah cell simulation (slides 2-4), only contact resistance is different; rest of the material properties are exactly the same Simulation results matches very well with data with maximum error being less than 2% error; showcasing excellent accuracy of AutoLion TM under dynamic conditions

8 Model Results Temperature o C Starting SOC = 6% Starting SOC = 4% SOC is defined as capacity left to discharge/design capacity (C/2) at 25 o C In-built material database as a function of T and concentration is used for simulations. All the physical parameters (such as contact resistance or electrode design parameter) remain untouched and are the same as for 25 o C dynamic simulations. Simulation results matches very well with data with maximum error of ~5% error at o C; showcasing excellent accuracy of AutoLion TM under dynamic conditions

9 Reliable Predictions Even When All Inputs are not Available Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Normalized Capacity Modeling commercial cells for which minimal material information is available (this case study: < mins to tune parameters to get a reliable virtual cell) Validation: 4.5A Discharge from 1% SOC Experimental Data ALST AL-1D v..7 predictions Prediction Capacity (Ah) Validation: C-rate Pulse Profile 2C 5C 1C Experimental Data ALST AL-1D v..7 predictions Prediciton Time (s) 1 AL-1D vs Experimental cycle Life Data ALST vs Experimental Life Data AutLion TM offers users the ease-of-use of empirical models but in addition the flexibility and accuracy of physics-based models Charge ALST v..7 sustaining Prediction dynamic cycle (45% SOC), Room Temperature Experimental Cycle Number

10 Voltage (V) AutoLion M Life Model Validation A12 ANR2665M1-B: Graphite-LFP high power cell Capacity 2.~2.5Ah Anode Separator Cathode Thickness (µm) 4 [1] 25 7 [1] Porosity Particle radius (µm) 5 / 6.5 [1] C 1C CC cycling at 25 C (symbols are experimental data) Life predictions against third party data* for LFP/C 2665 cell C/1 discharge test at Month (4598 cyc) Capacity (mah) [1] Safari & Delacourt, JES, 258(5) A562, 211 *J. Wang et al., J Power Sources, 196, 942 (211) 1

11 AutoLion TM Life Model Validation Cell Voltage (V) Cathode Potential vs Li/Li + (V) Anode Potential vs Li/Li + (V) Cell chemistry: NMC/graphite For reference electrode O-ring seal Electrolyte chamber O-ring seals Battery Negative terminal Positive terminal C 5C cycling Capacity (mah) C 1C characterization C 1C characterization Cell voltage plots Cathode voltage plots 5 C 5C cycling Capacity (mah) AutoLion TM can not only capture cell behavior but also the voltage decay of each electrode with cycling over a wide range of operating conditions C 5C cycling Anode voltage plots 21 EC Power LLC. All Rights Reserved.1 25 C 1C characterization Capacity (mah) 11

12 AutoLion TM Safety Simulations: Accurately Capturing Real Experimental Behavior Cell internal temperature (measured by RTS) Reaction temperature sensor (RTS) External short experiment: 1.6 Ah 1865 cell (NMC/graphite chemistry).15 ohm short Cell skin temperature AutoLion TM simulation Experiment AutoLion TM is the only software that has demonstrated capabilities of accurately capturing temperature and electrical behavior of Li-ion battery under safety scenarios.

13 Contact Information For more information on EC Power and its products, contact us at: EC Power 41 N. Science Park Road State College, PA 168 Website: Telephone: Fax:

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