EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONN OF 4- STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ALTERNATIVE FUELS

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_05_044 Available online at aeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtyp pe=8&itype=5 ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONN OF 4- STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING ALTERNATIVE FUELS P.Sivakumar, and V.Nagaraju Asst.Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KL University, A.P, India. Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan, G.S.S.Anuroop Department of Mechanical Engineering, KL University, A.P, India. ABSTRACT Now a days the hike in the cost of Fossil Fuels has resulted the industries to take more interest on Alternative sources of energy i.e.; Biodiesel. Biodiesel is taken by chemical processes from vegetable oils, animal fats and an alcohol with catalyst (caustic soda). Biodiesel has same functional properties as Fossil Fuels, is friendly to the environment and hence, is considered as one of the best option for alternative fuels. The paper deals with the experimental investigation on 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine by using alternative fuels that is biodiesel. Here, Sunflower oil and Coconut oil is taken as vegetable oils with methanol and caustic soda (NaOH) to make Biodiesel. The performance of the biodiesel with different proportion of vegetable oil is tested and compared. Key words: Bio Diesel, 4-Stroke Diesel Engine, Sunflower Oil, Coconut Oil, Methanol, Caustic Soda. Cite this Article: P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S.Anuroop Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp IType=5 INTRODUCTION The running down of Fossil Fuel and the environmental degradation are the major environmental challenges faced by the world. The reduction in the underground based resources has led us to the search for an Alternative Fuel. Biodiesel is a good initiation taken by the developing nations of the world that offers a practical solution to the emergency. Biodiesels are originated from vegetable oils, alcohols and Biomass which can be directly used as a fuel. The alternative diesel fuels are needed to be brought up because of the high use of diesel in Agricultural and Transportation sector. A conventional alternative for engines of fuel has to come across the needs of energy and environmental security without giving upthe editor@iaeme.com

2 Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels operating performance. The focus of this study is to calculate the probability of the practice of the vegetable oils to run 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine. Methanol and Ethanol are likely to be produced from Biomass sources. These can be used as fuels in diesel engines over the preparation of Biodiesel. Vegetable oils can be 85-90% efficient as diesel due to its high content of heat. There is a large number of vegetable oils and out of which some of the specific oils are can be used as an alternative fuel sources. Here we have used Sunflower Oil and Coconut Oil as vegetable oils with Methanol and Caustic Soda. Sunflower Oil One of the most commonly used vegetable oil is Sunflower oil. It has high vapor pressure at room temperature i.e.; non-volatile in nature. The oil is most frequently used in cooking and cosmetics as well. It is light orange in color and has a pleasant taste. Vitamin E, sterols, scalene and some aliphatic hydrocarbons are easily found in Sunflower oil. Physical Properties a) Melting Point: The melting point of sunflower oil is C. b) Density: kg/m 3 c) Solubility in Water: sunflower oil is insoluble in water at room temperature. d) Viscosity at 25C(unrefined): kg/(m*s) Sunflower Oil as Fuel The Viscosity of Sunflower oil is very high in low temperature. So, Sunflower oil can be used as fuel. After purification of Sunflower oil, by mixing Caustic soda i.e. NaOH and Methanol, can be mixed with Diesel to run Diesel Engines. Coconut Oil as Fuel Coconut oil has been extracted from the core of aged coconuts. The oil has high saturated fat content. The oxidizing is slow and thus, coconut oil lasts for almost six months. Coconut Oil is undergone trans esterification to prepare the biodiesel. Properties of Coconut Oil Physical Properties: a) Melting Point: The melting point of Coconut oil is 25 0 C. b) Density: Kg/m3 c) Solubility in Water: When beaten well in water, Coconut oil forms a white homogenous mixture. Coconut oil is insoluble in water at room temperature. d) Viscosity : * 10 4 pa.sec Experimental procedure The biodiesel is prepared by using Transesterification process with help of the following necessities, Caustic Soda (NaOH), Coconut oil, Sunflower oil, Methanol, Diesel and Magnetic Stirrer. By addition of 400ml of coconut oil and 1.4gm of NaOH with 80ml of methanol. First of all keep the oil in magnetic stirrer and then mix the caustic soda with given amount of methanol. Stir the Solution with hot plate at 350rpm for 1hr (temp 60 0 C). Then the refined solution of coconut biodiesel is collected. Similarly, 350ml of Sunflower oil mixed editor@iaeme.com

3 P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S.Anuroop with 1.1gm of NaOH and 70ml of methanol and keep the oil in magnetic stirrer in addition of NaOH (1.1gm) and methanol (70ml) to it. The solution should be stirred for 1hr at 700rpm (temp 50 0 C). Thus, the refined solution of Sunflower biodiesel is obtained. By obtaining the two types of biodiesels, both of them are mixed and make a new kind of biodiesel. A sample of 175ml of Coconut biodiesel and 175ml of Sunflower biodiesel that totals 350ml of biodiesel which is thoroughly blended. After blending, the solution gets heated with magnetic stir device for 30 minutes at 700rpm and 50 0 C. The prepared biodiesel is reserved in to four parts. In first kind of solution there is 50ml of biodiesel with 450ml of diesel, which has 10% biodiesel composition. Similarly 20%, 30% and 40% biodiesel composition is taken for the observation. For 20% biodiesel, 100ml of biodiesel and 400ml of diesel, For 30% biodiesel solution, 150ml of biodiesel and 350ml of diesel and for 40% biodiesel solution, 200ml of biodiesel and 300ml of diesel of samples used for the experimental purpose. Blends S.No. Amount (%) Biodiesel Diesel 1. 10% 50ml 450ml 2. 20% 100ml 400ml 3. 30% 150ml 350ml 4. 40% 200ml 300ml Figure 1 Separation of biodiesel and glycerene editor@iaeme.com

4 Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels Figure 2 Final stirring to remove glycerin at 730rpm at 50C Figure 3 Different blends of Biodiesel The different kinds of biodiesel which have 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of biodiesel composition with diesel is collected and is undergone performance test with a 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine and few of the major factors like mechanical efficiency, brake power, density etc has been calculated and the results are compared. The following experiment has been performed: editor@iaeme.com

5 P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S.Anuroop Figure 4 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine Observations Load% W (Kg) 10% BLEND S (Kg) (W- S) Kg N (rpm) t (sec) h w = (h1+h2) m Load% W (Kg) 20% BLEND S (Kg) (W- S) Kg N (rpm) t (sec) h w = (h1+h2) m Load% W (Kg) 30% BLEND S(Kg) (W- S) Kg N (rpm) t(sec) h w = (h1+h2) m editor@iaeme.com

6 Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels Sample Calculations for 10% Blend at 4 kg load: Brake Power, BP = (2 * 3.14 * N * T ) / ( 60 * 1000) = ( 6.28*1500*10.04)/ (60*1000) Brake power = 1.57 KW T = (W-S) * Re * 9.81 N-m = (4*0.256*9.81) T = N-m R e = (D + d) / 2 m = ( )/2 = 0.256m TFC is Total Fuel Consumption = (Quantity of fuel taken * Density of fuel) / Time in Kg/sec. (20*10-6 *810.5)121 = 1.33*10-4 Kg/sec. The Frictional power can be calculated with help of Willans line using the parameters of B.P and Total Fuel Consumption. By observation the frictional power is 1 KW Indicated Power = (BP + FP) KW = (1+1.57) = 2.57 KW Mech eff. is mechanical efficiency η = (BP / IP) * 100= (1.57/2.57) * 100 = 61.08% Similarly done for the all 20%, 30%, 40% blends of mixture at 8,12,16 kg loads calculated respectively and formulated a table shown below. Blends of coconut+ sunflower and diesel Weight of bottle (W1) Weight of oil+bottle weight (W2) 10% g g 20% g g 30% g g 40% g g Density = Mass/ Volume kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m 3 Calculation for10% Blend Blends (10%) Loads 4Kg 8Kg 12Kg 16Kg TFC 1.33* * * *10-4 IP mech eff. 61% 76% 82% 86.26% BP FP editor@iaeme.com

7 P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S.Anuroop Calculation for 20% Blend Blends (20%) Loads 4Kg 8Kg 12Kg 16Kg TFC 1.32* * * *10-4 IP Mech eff. 66% 80% 85% 88.70% BP FP Calculation for 30% Blend Blends (30%) Loads 4Kg 8Kg 12Kg 16Kg TFC 1.39* * * *1 0-4 IP Mech eff. 72% 83% 88% 91.20% BP FP Calculation for40%blend Blends (40%) Loads 4Kg 8Kg 12Kg 16Kg TFC 1.39* * * *10-4 IP BP FP Mech eff. 84% 91% 94% 95.00%

8 Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels Graphical Representation Figure 5 Mechanical efficiency at 4kg load with different blends Figure 6 Mechanical efficiency at 8kg load with different blends editor@iaeme.com

9 P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S..Anuroop Figure 7 Mechanical efficiency at 12kg load with different blends Figure 8 Mechanical efficiency at 12kg load with different blends RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From the above calculations and graphs at 4 kg load and 10% blended mixture the mechanical efficiency is 61.08%,at 20% efficiency is 66%, 30% efficiency is 72% and at 40% efficiency is 83.9%. At 8kg load, the mechanical efficiencies are 82.4%, 83.4%, 88% and 91.2% for 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively. Similarly at 12Kg of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% the editor@iaeme.com

10 Experimental Investigation of 4-Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Alternative Fuels mechanical efficiencies are 75.8%, 79.6%, 83% and 94% respectively. And finally at 16Kg load, the observed mechanical efficiencies are 86.26%, 88.7%, 91.2% and 95% for 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively. CONCLUSION The experiment is done on a 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine and it is found that the mechanical efficiency is increased while adding loads and with the increase of the composition of the blends. It is clear that the best results are shown by the 40% biodiesel blends at its maximum load of 16Kg. At 40% blend, the mechanical efficiency of 4Kg, 8Kg, 12Kg and 16Kg are 83.9%, 91.2%, 94% and 95% respectively compare to all blends and all loads the proportion of 40% blend (coconut and sunflower oil biodiesel) gives maximum efficiency and therefore it is concluded that the best blend of biodiesel to be used in the 4- stroke diesel engines. The emission of exhaust gases which are harmful to the environment is decreased which also results the increase in engine life along with the pollution control. FUTURE SCOPE In the nearby future the usage of alternative fuels will be the only option left with us. Alternative fuels like biodiesel will be taken as the major source of energy. Biodiesel has similar properties as Diesel. The fuel with 40% of biodiesel blend is found to be the most preferable fuel with compared to 10%, 20% and 30% blends. We can see a very common use of biodiesel in coming generation. REFERENCES [1] (for coconut melting point) [2] [3] Rao YVH, Voleti RS, Hariharan VS, Raju AVS, Redd PN. Use of jatropha oil methylester and its blends as alternative fuel in diesel engine. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2009;31(3):1-17. [4] Alamu OJ, Akintola TA, Enweremadu CC, Adeleke AE. Characterisation of palmkernel oil biodiesel produced through NaOH- catalysed transesterification process. Scientific Research and Essay.2008;3(7): Narwal SK, Saun NK, Dogra P, Chauhan [5] G, Gupta R. Production and characterisation of biodiesel using nonedible castor oil by immobilzed lipase from bacillus aerius. BioMed Research International; Article ID Soliman MS, Mohamed HA, Abdelhafez OA, Nassibe AM. Production and characterization of biodiesel fuels from castor oil utilizing methanol. International Research Journal of Engineering Science, Technology and Innovation. 2014;3(2): [6] Parvezalam Shaikh and S.P. Yeole. An Experimental Investigation on Engine Performance of A Low Heat Rejection (Mullite Coated) Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with and without Turbocharger, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp [7] T. Ratna Reddy and M.V.S. Murali Krishna. Studies on Performance Parameters and Exhaust Emissions of Crude Mahua Oil In Medium Grade Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(9), 2014, pp editor@iaeme.com

11 P.Sivakumar, V.Nagaraju, Subhankarghosh, Rajeevraushan and G.S.S.Anuroop [8] Shivakumar Vasmate, Sreenuraju. M, Shashikant Kushnoore and Prasad Biradar, Experiment on Multi Blend Biodiesel Using Jatropha and Pongamia Biodiesel on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with Base Line of Diesel Fuel. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp [9] Rajan Kumar, M.K. Mishra, S.K. Singh and Arbind Kumar, Experimental Comparison of Performance Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Kerosene Oil-Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel Blends. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp [10] Bello EI, Makanju A. Production characterization and evaluation of castor oil biodiesel as alternative fuel for diesel engines. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2011; editor@iaeme.com