STUDIES ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL AND BLENDS FROM MUSTARD OIL

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_07_113 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed STUDIES ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL AND BLENDS FROM MUSTARD OIL R. Tamizh Selvan, L. Sidhharth Department of Mechanical Engineering, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Vincent H Wilson Vivekananda Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India Ashutosh Das, Mukesh Goel Centre for Environmental Engineering, prist University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT With increase in demand on biodiesel to counteract the galloping economic and ecological bottlenecks associated with diesel, it is necessary to explore and characterize the pristine biodiesels and their blends for assessing their techno-economic feasibility, In this study, mustard seed oil has been chosen because of its adaptability to varied soiltypes, high yield, low-maintenance cost and so forth, along with toxicity at higher dosage (when used as edible oil). The characteristics of the trans-esterified mustard oil with different blend proportion to diesel were studied. It was found that showed a mildly rising trend (slope = 0.3 to 0.5) of the viscosity (both kinematic and dynamic), density, flash point and fire point and a contrasting steep decline trend (slope = ) of the calorific value of the biodiesel blend with increase in the blend proportion, i.e., from B0 (pure diesel) to B100 (pure biodiesel). The high coefficient of determination of all these linear relationships (i.e. r 2 > 0.9) warrants a suitable choice of blend proportion for domain-specific applications (as a trade-off of the performance, economy and environment). Key words: Biodiesel; Biodiesel Blends; Physical Properties; Mustard Oil Cite this Article: R. Tamizh Selvan, L.Sidhharth, Vincent H Wilson, Ashutosh Das and Mukesh Goel, Studies on Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Blends from Mustard Oil, 8(7), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Studies on Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Blends From Mustard Oil 1. INTRODUCTION Based on agro-climatic variability, various vegetable oils have been explored to substitute of diesel fuel, more commonly, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, olive oil and coconut oils are being considered (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Nongbe, et al, 2017; Selaimia et al, 2015). With ever-increasing search for exploration of renewable energy, that is simultaneously the cost-effective, environment friendly, as well as compatible to conventional fuels in performance, mustard oil seems to carry high futuristic potential. By virtue of its ease to grow, inexpensiveness to maintain and adaptable to varied soil types, high yield and above all toxicity to human beings at high concentration, makes it a potential candidate for use as a source of biofuel. Besides, the use of mustard oil (Brassica juncea) for biofuels have also been found to have attractive potential because of compatible performance (especially after transesterification), high crop yield (and hence oil, as well) as well as its unsuitability to human health at high concentration (being rich in uric acid). (Forhad, et al, 2009;Hasib, 2011). The pollution problems associated with industrial development is increasing exponentially and alternate fuels are no longer an option, but a necessity to reduce the impact of the pollution. It has been reported that biobased products have greater potential in combating the pollution, besides being energy efficient (Goel et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2013). Biodiesel has great potential in minimizing the exhaust emission as reported by various authors (Azad et al., 2012; Ramadas et al., 2004; Peterson et al., 2007). This work explores the suitability of biodiesel derived from mustard oil and evaluates various physical properties of biodiesel and blends and compares it with the diesel fuel. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mustard oil as straight vegetable oil (SVO), i.e. as obtained from mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) was procured from a local market. NaOH and methanol was obtained from Merck, India. Trans-esterification of mustard oil was carried out by mixture of NaOH and methanol. Detailed description is presented elsewhere (Tamizh Selvan et al., 2017). With pure diesel thus obtained is termed as B0, which when blended with different percentage of biodiesel is named according the percentage of biodiesel in the blend. Table 1 presents the different blends of biodiesel as per the ratio of diesel and biodiesel Properties Measurement Density, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, fire point, flash point and calorific value were measured using standard methods. The Viscosity was measured using Redwood viscometer. The flash point was measured using Open cup apparatus. The fire point for various blends of biodiesel and diesel was measured using Open cup apparatus. The Calorific Value of different blends of biodiesel was measured using Bomb calorific meter. Table 1 Different ratios of Blends Blend Percentage of Biodiesel (%) Percentage of Diesel (%) B B B B B B B editor@iaeme.com

3 R. Tamizh Selvan, L.Sidhharth, Vincent H Wilson, Ashutosh Das and Mukesh Goel 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The variation of various fuel properties were studied with regard to increase in the change in bio-diesel composition. Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of fluid s frictional properties and it also indicates its adhesive/cohesive properties. Internal molecular friction within fluid results in viscosity. There are two related measures of fluid viscosity which are known as dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity. The variation of kinematic and dynamic viscosity of fuels with temperature is as shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. It can be noticed that pure biodiesel (B100) produced the maximum kinematic viscosity while pure diesel (B100) produced the least. The blends showed the intermediate results. It was observed at all temperatures. However, with the increase in temperature, viscosity decreased and decrease was substantial for B0 compared to other diesels. B100, though showed almost 100% reduction as the temperature was increased from 35 0 C to 75 0 C, B0 resulted in almost 300% reduction for the same temperature difference. Similar result was observed for dynamic viscosity. Figure 1 Kinematic Viscosity of different blends at various temperatures editor@iaeme.com

4 Studies on Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Blends From Mustard Oil Figure 2 Dynamic Viscosity of different blends at various temperatures It is interesting to note that there is a general rise in the viscosities (both kinematic & dynamic), flash point, fire point as well as density, with increase in biodiesel content in the fuel, although the proportionality does vary, at different temperature ranges. In fact, studies on biodiesel from waste palm oil, sun flower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil and cottonseed oil also indicated the similar finding(alptekin and Canakci, 2008). Flash point: It indicates the flammability of the fuel. This parameter is very important especially, when there is an oil spill or fuel catches fire. The variation of flashpoint for different blends is as shown in Figure 3. Here also, B100 resulted in highest flash point of C compared to that manifested by B0, which was 45 0 C. The increase in flash point follows with the increase in biodiesel composition and is observed to be linear with respect to biodiesel composition with r 2 = and slope as 0.33 (Figures3& 7). In fact, biodiesels were prepared from vegetable oils (soy, corn, canola and sunflower oil) have also been reported rise in flash point with increasing proportion of biodiesel (Mattos et al, 2015). Figure 3 Flash Point ( 0 C) for different blends of biodiesel and diesel editor@iaeme.com

5 R. Tamizh Selvan, L.Sidhharth, Vincent H Wilson, Ashutosh Das and Mukesh Goel Fire Point: The fire point of fuel is very important as it conveys the burning capacity of fuel. Fire point is normally higher than flash point and is an important safety parameter. Figure 4 depicts the relationship between fire point and different blends of biodiesel. As observed for flash point, fire point increases linearly with increase in biodiesel composition. The slope of fire point vs composition was observed to be 0.49 and r 2 = (Figure 7) Figure 4 Fire Point ( 0 C) of different blends of biodiesel and diesel Density Density gives an indication of various fuel characteristics, including specific energy and ignition quality (CCAI) and hence commercial value of the fuel (being representative of the mass of the fuel, which is directly proportional to the power gained from the fuel). It also plays a crucial role in oil-purification, because higher the difference between the crude oil-density, better the purification (esp. separation through centrifuge). The density of various blends of biodiesel is shown in Figure 5. As observable in the figure, as the density also increases linearly with increase in biodiesel composition, with slope and r 2 = (plot not shown in this paper). This trend is also observed in various biodiesel blends, namely, waste palm oil, sun flower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil as well as cottonseed oil. (Alptekin and Canakci, 2008) editor@iaeme.com

6 Studies on Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Blends From Mustard Oil Figure 5 Density (kg/m 3 ) of different blends of biodiesel and diesel Calorific Value: It is the amount of heat energy present in the fuel or food items. It is a very critical parameter of the efficiency of the fuel. Among various fuels, LPG has maximum calorific value. The calorific value of various blends of biodiesel is shown in Figure 6. We observed the calorific value for diesel around kj/kg and calorific value for biodiesel derived from mustard oil was kj/kg.unlike flash point and fire point, calorific value decreases with biodiesel composition. The curve was found to be less linear compared to flash and fire point (slope = ) and r 2 value obtained was (Figure 7). In fact, the calorific values of biodiesel obtained in the study are comparable with the calorific value of biodiesel obtained for several other oils such as palm oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil and so on (Anastopoulos et al., 2009). Figure 6 Calorific Value (kj/kg) of different blends of biodiesel and diesel editor@iaeme.com

7 R. Tamizh Selvan, L.Sidhharth, Vincent H Wilson, Ashutosh Das and Mukesh Goel Figure 7 Correlation curve of Flash point, fire point and calorific value with biodiesel composition 4. CONCLUSION As revealed by the study, the viscosity, density, flash point and fire point of the biodiesel blend (using trans-esterified mustard seed oil) showed a rising trend in relation to the blend proportion. This means, the highest viscosity, density, flash point and fire point is found to be associated with pure biodiesel (B100), and the lowest with pure diesel (B0). The proportionality is linear in all these cases with high coefficient of determination (i.e. r 2 > 0.9) and slope varying between 0.3 to 0.5. Calorific value, however, shows a decreasing trend with increase in biodiesel proportion in the fuel, with very steep slope (- 64.9) with high coefficient of determination (i.e., r 2 > 0.9). These findings do corroborate with results obtained by other oils (namely, palm oil, sun flower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil and peanut oil. Thus, increasing biodiesel content seemed to improve fuel characteristics for combustion, although calorific values seemed to show rapid decline, thereby demanding a proper trade-off between biodiesel characteristics as well as calorific value, based on the specific application domain. REFERENCES [1] Srivastava, A, andr. Prasad Triglyceride based diesel Fuels.Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews, 4, [2] Nongbea, M. C.,Ekou, T., Ekou, L., Yao, K.B. Grognec, E.L., F. X. Felpin Biodiesel production from palm oil using sulfonated graphene catalyst, Renewable Energy, 106, [3] Selaimia, R., Beghiel, A and R. Oumeddour The synthesis of biodiesel from vegetable oil. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195, [4] Forhad, A., Rowshan, A. R. Habib M. A. and M. A. Islam Production and Performance of Biodiesel as an Alternative to Diesel. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, London, 1-3 July. [5] Hasib, Z. M., Hossain, J, Biswas, S and A. Islam Bio-Diesel from Mustard Oil: A Renewable Alternative Fuel for Small Diesel Engines, Modern Mechanical Engineering, 1, editor@iaeme.com

8 Studies on Physical Properties of Biodiesel and Blends From Mustard Oil [6] Mukesh Goel, M.Ramesh, T.R.Sreekrishnan Mixed culture acclimatization and biodegradation of Chlorophenols in Shake Flasks: Effect of the Inoculum Source. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management 13, 29-34, [7] Kumar, A. Das, A., Goel, M. KR Kumar, Subramanyam, B, Sudarsan. JS Recovery of nutrients from wastewater by struvite crystallization. Nature Environ PollutTechnol 12, [8] Azad, K. A., Uddin A. M. S. and M. M. Alam Mustard Oil, an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Investigation of Bio-Diesel Properties with & Without TransEsterification Reaction, Global Adv. Res. J. Engg., Technol. Innovation, 1(3), [9] Ramadhas, A. S., Jayraj S. and C. Muraleedharan Use of Vegetable Oils as I. C. Engine Fuels A Review, Renewable Energy, (29), [10] Peterson, C. L., Reece, D. L., B. L. Hammond, J. Thompson and S. M. Beck Processing, Characterization and Performance of Eight Fuels from Lipids, Appl. Engg. Agri., 13(1), [11] TamizhSelvan, R., Jyothis Jacob, Vincent H., Das, A. and Goel M Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Diesel and Biodiesel Blend of Diesel Engine Fitted with YSZ Piston. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), 8 (7), [12] Alptekin, E; Canakci, M Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel diesel fuel blends, Renewable Energy, 33 (12), [13] Mattos, R.A.D., Bastos, F.A. and Tubino, M., Correlation between the Composition and Flash Point of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 26(2), pp [14] Shivakumar Vasmate, Sreenuraju. M, Shashikant Kushnoore and Prasad Biradar, Experiment on Multi Blend Biodiesel Using Jatropha and Pongamia Biodiesel on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with Base Line of Diesel Fuel. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp [15] Anastopoulos A. G.; Zannikou, Y.; Stournas, S. &Kalligeros, S Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol and Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Ethyl Esters. Energies, 2, editor@iaeme.com