CHAIN GENERAL INFORMATION NEW & USED CHAIN CHAIN. Always in Stock RENTAL AVAILABLE DOMESTIC & IMPORTED GIVE US A CALL

Transcription

1 CHIN GENERL INFORMTION CHIN ONE OF THE LRGEST INVENTORIES IN THE COUNTRY NEW & USED CHIN lways in Stock RENTL VILBLE WELDLESS CHIN PROOF COIL CHIN HIGH LSHING COST GURD BUOY CHIN STINLESS STEEL LLOY DOCK FENDER CHIN STUD U.S. NVY CST STEEL O.R.Q GRDES 2, 3, 4 ND 5 From 1/4 to 5-1/4 Diameter in the West Coast East Coast and the Gulf Coast We are DIRECT IMPORTERS and FCTORY DISTRIBUTORS. DOMESTIC & IMPORTED WITH or WITHOUT CERTIFICTES (.B.S., LLOYDS, D.N.V., ETC.) GIVE US CLL 111

2 CHIN

3 CHIN GENERL INFORMTION DIMENSION RTIOS For many years, dimensions of stud link anchor chain have been standardized so that all chain manufacturers are required to furnish chain conforming to dimension charts published by various testing societies (Lloyds, merican Bureau of Shipping, etc.), within their limiting tolerances. For estimating purposes it is often useful to note the following: The inside length ( grip or pitch) of one link is 4 wire diameters. The outside length of one link is 6 wire-diameters. The outside width of one link is 3.56 wire-diameters. The gauge-test length is the outside length over 6 links and equals 26 wire-diameters. The weight of one link is about 3-1/3 times its wire diameter cubed. Doubling the wire-diameter of one link multiplies its weight by 8. The weight of 1 linear foot of chain is 10 times its wire-diameter squared. The length of a standard shot = 15 fathoms = 90 ft. = The weight of a 90 ft. shot = 900 times its wire-diameter squared. Doubling the wire-diameter of a 90 ft. shot multiplies its weight by 4. Doubling the size of a chain theoretically multiplies its strength by 4; in practice, by a trifle less than 4. The safe working load of chain is ordinarily assumed as one half the proof test. CHIN LENGTHS REQUIRED In determining amount of anchor chain to be used for a particular anchorage it is usual to allow 5 to 7 times the depth of water; dependent on such factors as nature of bottom, present and anticipated weather, tidal and current conditions, state of readiness of the ship s powerplant, draft, amount of exposed hull and superstructure, and length of stay at anchor. (U.S. Coast Guard) CHIN ND MINTENNCE nchor chain cable should be ranged at regular intervals and examined for damage and signs of excessive wear. It is considered good practice to occasionally shift the shots about in the chain to insure even wear. The chains may also be sprayed with a preservative such as fish oil at this time. (U.S. Coast Guard) The U.S. Navy instructs that at least once every eighteen (18) months all anchor chain cable regardless of size, including detachable links, swivels and shackles should be examined, over-hauled and placed in a good state of preservation. Chain connecting links particularly should be disassembled and the interiors recoated with grease, and identification mark restored if necessary.

4 CHIN GENERL INFORMTION DEFINITIONS RTED LOD VLUE PROOF LOD PROOF ULTIMTE LOD SHOCK LOD SFETY FCTOR COMMERCIL SURFCE QULITY The maximum recommended load that should be exerted on the item. The following terms are also used for the term Rated Load: SWL, Safe Working Load, Working Load, Working Load Limit, and the Resultant Safe Working Load. ll rated load values, unless noted otherwise, are for in-line pull with respect to the centerline of the item. The average load to which an item may be subjected before visual deformation occurs or a load that is applied in the performance of a proof test. term designating a tensile test applied to the item for the sole purpose of detecting injurious defects in the material or manufacture. The average load at which the item being tested fails or no longer supports the load. resulting load from the rapid change of movement, such as impacting or jerking, of a static load. Shock Load is generally significantly greater then the static load. n industry term denoting theoretical reserve capability. Usually computed by dividing the catalog stated ultimate load by the catalog stated working load limit and generally expressed a a ratio, for example 5 to 1. The surface condition associated with the normal methods of production of raw material and machined surfaces. The surface condition of the products shown in this catalog. More refined surface qualities are considered as special. ll ratings given in tons refer to short tons of 2,000 lbs. NOTE: The right is reserved to make changes in product design, material and specifications without incurring obligations. WRNING: Low and high carbon steel welded and weldless chain and attachments are not to be used for overhead lifting purposes or where its failure is likely to cause damage to property or persons.

5 CHIN This Distance Should Not Exceed Four Wire Diameters Pull Strong Cord, or Flexible Wire Well Greased. Four Wire Diameters Four Wire Diameters Critical Pitch Diameter SUGGESTIONS FOR CHECKING FIVE-POCKET WILDCTS To meet merican Bureau of Shipping specifications, the length over any six consecutive links of stud link anchor chain should be 26 wire-diameters, with a plus tolerance of 45% of one wire-diameter, and a minus tolerance of 30% of one wire-diameter. To test the fit of a given chain on a given wildcat, it is suggested that a nine-link sample of the chain be used, consisting of five consecutive common links, one detachable link, and three consecutive common links. When the link at one end of the nine-link sample is held snugly seated in one of the pockets of the wildcat, the remainder of the sample, held taut, should wrap readily and snugly around the wildcat so that they grip measurement as calipered between the two end links should equal the inside length of one link; namely, four wire-diameters. If the nine-link sample is within these tolerances, refusal to wrap readily and snugly to a four wire diameter closure will afford obvious indication as to whether the pitch of the wildcat be too great or too small, an obvious indication as to whether and where the whelps of the wildcat may need modification of contour. Newly-cast wildcats are not infrequently slightly oversize. This condition is correctable by chipping away excess metal where indicated by the above test.

6 PPROXIMTE VOLUMES FOR SELF TIERING CHIN LD BSED ON COMBINTION OF TBLES INCLUDING NVY FORMUL (V = 2 2 ) LD VOLUME OF CHIN LOCKER FOR SELF TIERING CHIN USE (V = 1-1/2 X 2 ) 600 CHIN Cubic ft. req d 100 fathoms of stud link chain /8 7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-7/8 2-1/8 2-3/8 2-5/8 2-7/8 3-1/8 3/ /4 1-1/2 1-3/ /4 2-1/2 2-3/4 3

7 OFFSHORE CHIN DT (OIL RIG) CHIN KG pproximate weight per 100m. of chain WEIGHT STUD CHIN WEIGHT STUDLESS CHIN VOLUME STUD CHIN VOLUME STUDLESS M pproximate weight per 100m. of chain DIMETER OF CHIN Conversion 1 LBS = 0,454 KG. 1 CWT = 50,8 KG. 1 TON (LONG) 1016 KG. 1 KN = 98 KG. 1 N = 0,98 KG 1 INCH = 25,4 MM 1 FOOT = 304,8 MM 1 FTHOM = 1,828 MM WEIGHT KG/M VOLUME M3/M Formula d= nominal chain diameter in mm STUD CHIN 0,0219 d 2 1, d 2 STUDLESS CHIN 0,0202 d 2 1, d 2

8 CHIN STUD NCHOR CHIN C B D CHIN SIZE LENGTH WIDTH LENGTH OVER 5 S GRIP RDIUS INCHES MM B C D WEIGHT PER 15-FTHOM SHOT (PPROX.) NO OF S PER 15-FTHOM SHOT PROOF GRDE 1 GRDE 2 GRDE 3 BREK PROOF BREK PROOF BREK 1/ / / / /4 2-1/4 13-3/4 3/ / /8 2-7/ /8 7/ / /2 2-5/8 16-1/2 1/ / /8 2-7/8 17-7/8 17/ / /4 3-1/8 19-1/4 37/ / /8 3-5/ /8 5/ / / / /8 3-3/4 23-3/8 11/ / / /4 25/ / /8 4-1/4 26-1/8 25/ / /2 4-1/2 27-1/2 25/ / /8 4-3/4 28-7/8 7/ / /4 4-15/ /4 7/ / /8 5-3/ /8 15/ / / / / /8 5-5/8 34-3/8 1-1/ / /4 5-7/8 35-3/4 1-1/ / /8 6-1/ /8 1-3/ / /2 6-5/ /2 1-5/ / /8 6-1/2 39-7/8 1-3/ / /4 6-3/4 41-1/4 1-1/ / / /8 1-9/ / / / /8 7-7/ /8 1-3/ / /4 7-5/8 46-3/4 1-27/ / /8 7-7/8 48-1/8 1-15/ / /2 8-1/8 49-1/2 1-1/ / /8 8-5/ /8 1-17/ / /4 8-9/ /4 1-9/ ll specifications in pounds and inches, unless otherwise stated.

9 CHIN STUD NCHOR CHIN B D C CHIN SIZE LENGTH WIDTH LENGTH OVER FIVE S GRIP RDIUS INCHES MM B C D WEIGHT PER 15-FTHOM SHOT (PPROX.) NO. OF S PER 15-FTHOM SHOT PROOF GRDE 1 GRDE 2 GRDE 3 BREK PROOF BREK PROOF BREK 2-7/ /8 8-3/4 53-5/8 1-5/ / / / /8 9-1/4 56-3/8 1-11/ / /4 9-7/ /4 1-11/ / /8 9-11/ /8 1-3/ / /2 9-7/8 60-1/2 1-13/ / /8 10-1/8 61-7/8 1-27/ / /4 10-3/8 63-1/4 1-7/ / /8 10-9/ /8 1-7/ / / / / / /4 11-1/4 68-3/4 2-1/ / /8 11-1/2 70-1/8 2-1/ / / / /2 2-1/ / / / /8 2-1/ / /4 12-1/8 74-1/4 2-3/ / /8 12-3/8 75-5/8 2-3/ / / / / / / /4 2-5/ / /2 13-3/8 82-1/2 2-15/ / / /4 2-15/ / / / / / /4 2-11/ / /2 15-3/ /2 2-3/ / /4 15-9/ /4 2-7/ / / / /4 16-7/ / / /2 16-7/ /2 3-1/ / / /8 3-1/ / /4 17-3/ /4 3-3/ / / / /4 18-1/ /4 3-5/ / /8 18-7/ /8 3-3/ / /8 19-3/ /8 3-1/ / / /4 3-11/ / / / /8 3-3/ / / ll specifications in pounds and inches, unless otherwise stated.

10 U.S.N. STUD- WELDED B C D CHIN CHIN SIZE LENGTH LENGTH OVER 6 S D MINIMUM NOMINL MXIMUM WIDTH B GRIP RDIUS C NUMBER OF S PER 15-FTHOM SHOT PROOF LOD (LB.) BREK LOD (LB.) NOMINL WEIGHT PER 15-FTHOM SHOT (LB.) 3/4 4-1/2 19-3/8 19-1/ /16 2-5/8 1/ ,000 75, /8 5-1/4 22-5/8 22-3/4 22-1/16 3-1/8 37/ ,000 98, / /8 3-9/16 21/ , , /8 6-3/4 29-1/ /4 29-5/8 4 25/ , ,000 1, /4 7-1/2 32-5/ / /16 4-1/2 25/ , ,000 1, /8 8-1/4 35-9/ /4 38-1/4 4-15/16 7/ , ,000 1, / / /2 5-3/8 63/ , ,000 1, /8 9-3/ /4 42-7/8 5-7/8 1-1/ , ,000 2, /4 10-1/2 45-1/4 45-1/2 46-1/8 6-5/6 1-5/ , ,000 2, /8 11-1/4 48-1/2 48-3/4 49-1/2 6-3/4 1-1/ , ,000 2, / /4 7-3/16 1-5/ , ,000 3, /8 12-3/ / /4 56-1/8 7-5/8 1-27/ , ,000 3, /4 13-1/2 58-3/ /2 59-3/8 8-1/8 1-1/ , ,000 4, /8 14-1/4 61-7/ /4 62-3/4 8-9/16 1-9/ , ,000 4, / / / , ,000 5, /8 15-3/4 67-7/8 68-1/4 69-1/4 9-7/ / , ,000 5, /4 16-1/2 71-1/8 71-1/2 72-9/16 9-7/8 1-13/ , ,000 6, /8 17-1/4 74-3/8 74-3/4 75-7/8 10-3/8 1-7/ , ,000 7, / / / , ,000 7, /8 18-3/ / /4 82-1/2 11-1/4 2-1/ ,000 1,046,000 8, /4 19-1/2 84-1/ /2 85-3/ /16 2-1/ ,000 1,124,000 9, /8 20-1/4 87-5/ / /8 2-3/ ,000 1,204,000 9, / / / /8 2-5/ ,000 1,285,000 10, /8 21-3/ / /4 95-5/ /16 2-5/ ,000 1,369,000 11, /4 22-1/2 97-1/ /2 98-7/8 13-3/8 2-15/ ,019,000 1,455,000 12, /8 23-1/ / / / / ,080,000 1,543,000 12, / /2 14-3/8 2-5/8 67 1,143,000 1,632,000 13,700 Per military Spec MIL-C ll specifications in pounds and inches, unless otherwise stated. OPEN- CHIN COST GURD BUOY CHIN C B D Length over six links. F E G COMMON S END S LODS WIRE DIMETER INCHES MM LENGTH B WIDTH C LENGTH OVER SIX S D WIRE DIMETER E LENGTH F WIDTH G PROOF BREK WEIGHT PER 15-FTHOM SHOT (PPROX.) 1/ /8 13 3/4 4-1/4 2-5/ / /4 2-1/4 16-1/4 3/4 4-1/2 2-5/ / /2 2-5/8 19-1/2 7/8 5-1/4 3-1/ / /4 3-1/8 22-3/4 1-1/8 6-3/4 3-7/ / /4 7-1/2 4-3/ / /4 3-7/8 29-1/4 1-1/4 7-1/2 4-3/ / /2 4-3/8 32-1/2 1-1/ / / / /8 11-1/4 6-1/ / /4 5-11/ /4 1-7/8 11-1/4 6-1/ / /2 6-1/ /2 2-1/ / / /4 6-1/2 48-3/4 2-1/ / ll specifications in pounds and inches, unless otherwise stated.

11 CHIN PROOF COIL CHIN GRDE 28 / GRDE 30 CUTION: NEVER EXCEED WORK LOD LIMIT OF CHIN. NEVER USE PROOF COIL CHIN FOR OVERHED LIFTING OR WHERE IT S FILURE WILL CUSE DMGE TO PROPERTY OR LIFE. PROOF COIL CHIN (GRDE 28) Self colored-zinc plated-hot galvanized TRDE SIZE WORK LOD LIMIT IN LBS FEET PER DRUM FEET PER 1/2 DRUM MIN. WEIGHT PER FOOT IN LBS MX. LENGTH PER 100 S 1/ , / , /4 1, /16 1, /8 2, /16 3, /2 4, /8 6, /4 9, /8 11, , HIGH CHIN GRDE 43 / GRDE 40 CUTION: NEVER EXCEED WORK LOD LIMIT OF CHIN. NEVER USE GRDE 43 CHIN FOR OVERHED LIFTING OR WHERE IT S FILURE WILL CUSE DMGE TO PROPERTY OR LIFE. HIGH CHIN (GRDE 43) Self colored-hot galvanized TRDE SIZE WORK LOD LIMIT IN LBS FEET PER DRUM FEET PER 1/2 DRUM MIN. WEIGHT PER FOOT IN LBS MX. LENGTH PER 100 S 1/4 2, /16 3, /8 5, /16 7, /2 9, /8 11, /4 16,

12 TRNSPORT CHIN GRDE 70 CHIN CUTION: NEVER EXCEED WORK LOD LIMIT OF CHIN. NEVER USE GRDE 70 CHIN FOR OVERHED LIFTING OR WHERE IT S FILURE WILL CUSE DMGE TO PROPERTY OR LIFE. Plated. TRDE SIZE WORK LOD LIMIT IN LBS FEET PER DRUM FEET PER 1/2 DRUM MIN. WEIGHT PER FOOT IN LBS MX. LENGTH PER 100 S 1/14 3,150 lbs lbs /16 4, /8 6, /2 11, LLOY STEEL CHIN GRDE 80 MTERIL DIMETER DIMETER DIMENSIONS INSIDE WLL* S WEIGHT PER 100 NOMINL IN. CTUL IN. CTUL MM. LENGTH IN. WIDTH IN. LBS PER FT. LBS. 1/ , / , / , / , / , / , / , / , , , / , , / , ,090

13 CHIN LLOY STEEL CHIN GRDE 100 MTERIL DIMETER DIMETER DIMENSIONS INSIDE WLL S WEIGHT PER 100 NOMINL IN. CTUL IN. CTUL MM. LENGTH IN. WIDTH IN. LBS PER FT. LBS. 9/ , / , / , / , / , STINLESS STEEL CHIN TRDE SIZE DRUM WORKING LOD LIMITS MTERIL DIMETER INSIDE LENGTH INSIDE WIDTH WEIGHT PER 100 FT 1/ / , / , / , / , / , / , / , DO NOT USE FOR OVERHED LIFTING. Do not exceed working load limit. The information on this page is to be used for comparison purposes only. Please consult reliable engineering texts when danger to life or property is possible.

14 CHIN Sect. view B C Typical Link FINISH: HOT DIPPED GLVNIZED LONG HIGH CHIN G-43 NOMINL CHIN SIZE INCHES WEIGHT PER 100 C (IN) (IN) B (IN) WORKING LOD PROOF LOD BREKING STRENGTH 3/ /8 2-3/8 5/8 3,500 7,000 14,000 1/ /2 3-1/4 3/4 6,000 12,000 24,000 5/ /8 3-3/4 7/8 9,500 19,000 38,000 3/ /4 3-3/4 1-1/4 13,500 27,000 54, /8 1-3/8 23,200 46,400 92,800 LONG LSHING CHIN G-70 NOMINL CHIN SIZE INCHES WEIGHT PER 100 C (IN) (IN) B (IN) WORKING LOD PROOF LOD BREKING STRENGTH 1/ /2 3-1/8 1 10,000 20,000 39,000 LONG LLOY CHIN G-80 NOMINL CHIN SIZE INCHES WEIGHT PER 100 C (IN) (IN) B (IN) WORKING LOD PROOF LOD BREKING STRENGTH 3/ /8 2-3/8 1/2 7,100 14,200 28,400 1/ /2 3-1/4 3/4 10,000 20,000 40,000 5/ /8 3-3/4 7/8 17,500 35,000 70,000 3/ /4 3-3/4 1-1/4 27,500 55, , /8 1-3/8 43,400 86, ,600

15 CONVERSION TBLES CONVERSION FCTORS ND TBLES 1 lb. = kg (kilogram) 1 kg = lbs. 1 kn (kilonewton) = kg = lbs. 1 short ton = 2,000 lbs. = kg 1 long ton = 2,240 lbs. = 1, kg 1 metric ton = 2, = 1,000 kg 1 ft =.3048 m (meter) 1 m = ft. = inches 1 inch = 25.4 mm (millimeter) 1 mm = inches 1 yard = 9144 m 1 m = yards 1 mile = km (kilometer) 1 km = mile 1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 ft. 1 yard = 3 ft. = 36 inches 1 R. = 12 inches 1 fathom = 6 ft. 1 lb. = 16 ounces 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams INCH DECIMLS OF N INCH MILLIMETERS INCH DECIMLS OF N INCH MILLIMETERS INCH DECIMLS OF N INCH MILLIMETERS / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

16 CONVERSION TBLES MM TO INCHES 1 mm = 3/64 14 mm = 9/16 32 mm = 1-1/4 95 mm = 3-3/4 1.5 mm = 1/16 15 mm = 19/32 33 mm = 1-5/16 2 mm = 5/64 16 mm = 5/8 35 mm 1-3/8 10 cm = mm = 3/32 17 mm = 11/16 36 mm = 1-3/ cm = 4-1/4 3 mm = 1/8 18 mm = 23/32 38 mm = 1-1/ cm = 4-1/2 4 mm = 5/32 19 mm = 3/4 40 mm = 1-9/16 12 cm = 4-3/4 5 mm = 3/16 20 mm = 25/32 45 mm = 1-3/ cm = 5 6 mm = 1/4 21 mm = 1/16 50 mm = 2 13 cm = 5-1/8 7 mm = 9/32 22 mm = 7/8 55 mm = 2-3/ cm = 5-1/4 8 mm = 5/16 23 mm = 29/32 60 mm = 2-3/8 14 cm = 5-1/2 9 mm = 3/8 24 mm = 15/16 65 mm = 2-1/ cm = 5-3/4 10 mm = 13/32 25 mm = 1 70 mm = 2-3/ cm = 6 11 mm = 7/16 27 mm = 1-1/16 75 mm = cm = 6-1/8 12 mm = 15/32 28 mm = 1-1/8 80 mm = 3-1/8 16 cm = 6-3/8 13 mm = 1/2 30 mm = 1-3/16 90 mm = 3-1/2 THE METRIC SYSTEM WEIGHTS METRIC DENOMINTIONS ND VLUES EQUIVLENTS IN DENOMINTIONS IN USE Names No. Grams Quantity of Water at Maximum Density voirdupois Weigh Millier or tonneau = 1,000,000 = 1 cubic meter = pounds Quintal = 100,000 = 1 hectoliter = pounds Myriagram = 10,000 = 10 liters = pounds Kilogram or Kilo = 1,000 = 1 liter = pounds Hectogram = 100 = 1 deciliter = ounces Dekagram = 10 = 10 c. centimeters = ounces Gram = 1 = 1 c. centimeter = grains Decigram =.1 = 1c. centimeter = grains Centigram =.01 = 10 c. centimeter = grain Milligram =.001 = 1 c. millimeter = grain MESURES OF LENGTH METRIC DENOMINTIONS ND VLUES EQUIVLENTS IN DENOMINTIONS IN USE Myriameter = 10,000 meters = miles Kilometer = 1,000 meters = mile, or 3,280 feet 10 inches Hectometer = 100 meters = 328 feet and 1 inch Dekamter = 10 meters = inches Meter = 1 meter = inches Decimeter =.1 meter = inches Centimeter =.01 meter = inches Millimeter =.001 meter = inch

17 CONVERSION TBLES CONVERSION FCTORS Cubic feet x = cubic inches Cubic yards x = cubic feet 1 U.S. Gallon... = 231 cubic inches = pounds water 1 cubic foot... = U.S. gallons = pounds at 62º F 1 cubic foot per second... = U.S. gallons per minute 1 cubic foot per second... = 648,317 gallons per 24 hours Pressure of 1 pound per square inch... = inches of mercury at 62º F Pressure of 1 pound per square inch... = feet of water at 62º F Standard atmospheric pressure... = 14.7 pounds per square inch, = inches mercury, = 33.9 feet water Head of water of 1 foot... = pounds per square inch 1 horsepower... = 33,000 foot pounds per minute 1 meter... = inches, = feet 1 kilogram... = pounds 1 liter... = 1,000 grams of water, = quarts, = gallons LINER MESURE 12 inches...1 foot 3 feet... 1 yard 5-1/2 yards... 1 rod 40 rods... 1 furlong 320 rods...1 mile 5,280 feet...1 mile 8 furlongs...1 mile CUBIC MESURE 1728 cubic inches...1 cubic foot 27 cubic feet... 1 cubic yard 128 cubic feet... 1 cord 24-3/4 x cubic feet...1 perch SURVEYOR S MESURE 7.92 inches...1 link 100 links...1 chain 4 rods...1 chain 20 chains...1/4 mile 40 chains...1/2 mile 80 chains...1 mile RES ND VOLUMES Circumference of circle... = x diameter Diameter of circle... = x circumference Side of a square of equal area... = x diameter Diameter of a circle of equal area.. = x side of square rea of a circle... = x square of the diameter Diameter of a circle... = x square root of the area Surface area of a sphere... = x square of the diameter Volume of a sphere... = x cube of diameter Volume of cylinder or prism... = area of base x height Volume of cone or pyramid... = 1/3 x area of base x height Volume of the frustrum of a cone or pyramid... = 1/3 X height x (area of upper base + area of upper base x area of lower base) Doubling the diamter of a pipe increases volume four times: generalizing, increasing the diamter n times increases the volume n 2 or n x n times. SQURE MESURE 144 square inches... 1 square foot 9 square feet...1 square yard square yards...1 square rod 160 square rods...1 square acre 640 acres...1 mile 640 acres... 1 section 36 sections...1 township

18 CONVERSION TBLES DECIML EQUIVLENTS: INCH - MILLIMETER CONVERSION TBLE INCH DECIML MILLIMETER 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INCH DECIML MILLIMETER 33/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /